UPQC
Introduction
• UPQC (Unified power quality conditioner ) is also called as Universal active filter.
• UPQC is a multifunction power conditioner.
• UPQC is a device intended to improve the quality of power that is delivered to
electrical load equipment.
• UPQC mitigates the power quality problems like harmonics , sag etc.
• UPQC can be used to
i . Compensate various voltage disturbances of power supply.
ii . Correct voltage fluctuations.
iii . Prevent harmonic load current entering into power system.
Need of UPQC
• The power electronic devices due to their inherent non-linearity draw harmonic
and reactive power from the supply.
• In three phase systems, they could also cause unbalance and draw excessive
neutral currents.
• The following problems causes the low system efficiency and poor power
factor of the system
• Injection of harmonics
• High reactive power burden
• Unbalance and excessive neutral current
• The quality of the Electrical power is effected by factors like
• harmonic contamination due to non-linear loads
• voltage and current flickering due to arc in arc furnaces
• sag and swell due to the switching of the loads
• surges, spikes , flickers etc.
• One of the many solutions is the use of a combined system of shunt
and active series filters like unified power quality conditioner (UPQC).
Components of UPQC
• UPQC is an integration of series and shunt active power filters
connected back to back on DC side sharing a common DC capacitor.
• Shunt device of the UPQC also called Dstatcom which mitigates
current based power quality problems provides reactive power
compensation , load balancing, elimination of harmonics and is
connected parallel to the consumer load
• Series device of the UPQC is called as DVR(Dynamic voltage restorer)
It gives protection against sag , surges, spikes, notches
DVR injects the current to improve the voltage
• The Dstatcom and DVR are controlled separately for power quality
enhancement in the current and voltage respectively
• The shunt converter is connected in parallel to the load , providing VAR support
to the load.
• The series converter is connected in series to the load , providing voltage
compensation.
• Components:
• 2 IGBT based series and shunt power converters.
• DC capacitor.
• Low pass filter.
• High pass filter.
• Series transformer.
• Shunt transformer.
Series Converter
• It is a voltage source converter.
• It acts as voltage source.
• Mitigates voltage distortions.
• Eliminates supply voltage flickers or imbalance from the load terminal voltage.
• Forces shunt branch to absorb current harmonics generated by the non-linear
loads.
• Series converter output voltage control is performed using SPWM(Sinusoidal
pulse width modulation).
• Comparison of fundamental voltage reference signal with a high frequency
triangular waveform generates gate pulses for SPWM.
Shunt Converter
• It is a voltage source converter.
• It acts as current source.
• Cancels current distortions.
• Compensates reactive current of the load.
• Improves power factor.
• Performs DC link voltage regulation (results in reduction of DC capacitor rating).
• The output current of shunt converter is adjusted using a dynamic hysteresis
band by controlling the status of semiconductor switches so that output current
follows the reference signal and remains in a predetermined hysteresis band.
Functions of UPQC
• Reactive power compensation.
• Voltage Regulation.
• Compensation of voltage sag and swell.
• Unbalance compensation of voltage and current ( for 3-phase system).
• Neutral current compensation (for 3-phase 4-wire systems).
• Power factor improvement.
• Compensation of harmonics.
• Compensation of negative sequence currents.
Control methods of UPQC
• Based on control methods of UPQC there are 3 types of UPQC’s.
• UPQC-P: DVR used for series voltage regulation in phase with supply
current with only an active power injection.
• UPQC-Q: DVR used for series voltage regulation in quadrature with
supply current with almost zero active power injection.
• UPQC-S: DVR used for series voltage regulation at optimum phase
angle with minimum KVA rating of S
• It combines the operation of DSTATCOM and DVR together.
• With the injection of series voltage in transmission system, UPQC is
used to control the active power flow in both the directions.
• The injection of series voltage between the AC mains and consumer
loads through series compensator (DVR) at any angle from 0 to 360
Control of UPQC as UPQC –Q :
• In this mode, a DVR is used mainly for reactive power injection for
fundamental voltage compensation.
• In this case, series voltage is injected in quadrature with the AC mains
current or the current flowing through the DVR so that no active
power is needed for series voltage injection.
• The DVR cannot compensate for voltage swell in the UPQC - Qmode
of operation
• In this case, the DSTATCOM compensates the reactive power of the
consumer load and a unity power factor is realized at PCC
Control Theories of UPQC
• Instantaneous reactive power theory.
• Synchronous reference frame theory.
• Fuzzy control algorithm.
• Instantaneous symmetrical component theory.
• Neutral network theory.
Instantaneous Reactive Power Theory
Introduction
• Instantaneous reactive power theory is also known as pq theory or pq
formulation.
• It is one of the control theories of UPQC.
• This theory is used in non-linear load compensation with active power
filters (APFs).
• It is used in the applications where it is required to obtain constant
source power.
• It is the most used compensation strategy in APF.
Objectives of IRPT
• To design a static compensator (APF), without any energy storage
element.
• To find control strategies which allow the neutral current elimination
with a null average power transferred by the compensator.
• To obtain constant instantaneous source power after compensation,
Outcomes
• When applied voltage is balanced and sinusoidal
• We obtain constant instantaneous source power after compensation.
• Sinusoidal and balanced current.
• Unity power factor.
• When applied voltage is unbalanced or non-sinusoidal
• We obtain constant source power after compensation.
• Unbalanced and non-sinusoidal current.
• Non-unity power factor.
The Theory
• The current and voltage vectors are transformed from abc to 0αβ
coordinates , based on the Clarke coordinates transformation.
• The transformed current and voltage vectors are
• After this transformation, based on a certain set of equations we
calculate active and reactive power and then eliminate the power
components having harmonics in it by passing through a certain suitable
low pass filter of suitable frequency.
• The three power terms which are defined in this theory are:
• zero-sequence instantaneous real power (p0,)
• instantaneous real power (pαβ)
• instantaneous imaginary power (qαβ) (it is a vector , which is cross product of
voltage and current in αβ coordinates).
• From this set of power and already derived voltages in 0αβ coordinate
system ,we find out the reference source current in this frame
here pC0 , pCαβ and qCαβ are compensation powers , which are
established applying the constant power compensation.
• Using Inverse Clarkes Transformation we convert this reference source
current again back to a-b-c coordinates. This new reference source
current is then compared against actual sensed source current
waveforms and the error is driven through a hysteresis controller with a
certain band for getting the different gate pulse for the operation of
inverter.
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