Site Planning

    
Effective construction site planning is vital to the success of a
construction project. A properly planned construction site can
improve both the efficiency and safety of construction operations.
The construction site planning on this project is examined from
two angles:
•Construction Planning
•Site Layout 

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Construction Planning: Site Formation
  
Construction planning plays a  very important role in today's
construction. The success of a project really depends on the
effectiveness of construction planning and actual supervision
achieved on-site. Four major aspects of construction
planning on this particular project comprised:
•Temporary works (e.g. temporary steel access ramp)
•Programming of site works (e.g. scheduling measures)
•Safety provisions (e.g. safety precautions)
•Resource utilization (e.g. plant & equipment)

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Site Preparation:
Site layout, site-specific erection plan and construction sequence

Proper communication between the controlling contractor and the

steel erector prior to the beginning of the steel erection operation
is essential to employee safety. Many accidents involving collapse
could have been averted had adequate pre-erection
communication and planning occurred. The following
requirements for site preparation, including site layout, pre-
planning of overhead hoisting operations, and (in some cases)
site-specific erection plans, have been made to ensure safety
during the initial stages of steel erection.
•Approval and commencement
•Site Layout
•Pre-Planning
•Site-Specific Erection Plan

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Approval and Commencement
•The controlling contractor must provide written notification to the steel erector ensuring that:
•Concrete in footings, piers, and walls has been cured to a level that will provide adequate
strength to support any forces imposed during steel erection;
•Anchor bolt repairs, replacements and modifications were done with the approval of the project
Structural Engineer of Record (SER).
•A steel erection contractor may not erect steel without the above written notification.

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Site Layout
•In order for the steel erector to perform necessary operations in a
safe manner, the controlling contractor must provide and
maintain:
•Access roads into and through the site that are adequate
for safe delivery and movement of:
•derricks, 
•cranes,
•trucks,
•other necessary equipment,
•the material to be erected.
•Means and methods for pedestrian and vehicular control.
• Adequate space for the safe storage of materials and the safe
operation of the erector's equipment, which is:
•firm, 
•properly graded,
•drained, 
•readily accessible to the work.
Exception: This provision does not apply to roads outside of the
construction site. Construction Site

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Construction Site Layout

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Pre-Planning
•All hoisting operations in steel erection must be pre-planned to ensure
that:
•Employees are not working directly below suspended loads,
•employees engaged in the initial connection of the steel , or 
•employees necessary for the hooking and unhooking of the
load.
•Where employees must work under the load, the materials being
hoisted are:
•rigged to prevent unintentional displacement,
•prevented from slipping by the use of hooks with self-closing
safety latches or their equivalent, and
•rigged by a qualified rigger.

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Site-Specific Erection Plan
•Employers may elect, because of conditions specific to the worksite, to develop alternate means of providing the employee protection
required. If a site-specific erection plan is used, it must:
•be developed by a qualified person, and
•be available at the work site.
A site-specific erection plan is developed during one or more pre-construction conferences and site inspections involving the erector, the controlling
contractor, and others such as the project engineer and the fabricator. In this process, the following elements are considered:
•The sequence of erection activity, developed in coordination with the controlling contractor, including the following:
•Material deliveries;
•Material staging and storage; and
•Coordination with other trades and construction activities.

•A description of the crane and derrick selection and placement procedures, including the following:
•Site preparation;
•Path for overhead loads; and
•Critical lifts, including rigging supplies and equipment.
•A description of steel erection activities and procedures, including the following:
•Stability considerations requiring temporary bracing and guying;
•Erection bridging terminus point;
•Notifications regarding repair, replacement and modifications of anchor rods (anchor bolts);
•Columns and beams (including joists and purlins);
•Connections;
•Decking; and
•Ornamental and miscellaneous iron.
•A description of the fall protection procedures that will be used.
•A description of the falling object protection procedures that will be used.
•A description of the special procedures required for hazardous non-routine tasks.
•A certification for each employee who has received training for performing steel erection operations
•A list of the qualified and competent persons.
•A description of the procedures that will be utilized in the event of rescue or emergency response.
In addition, the plan should include identification of the site and project, and be signed and dated by the qualified person(s) responsible for its
preparation and modification.
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Falling Object Protection  

A real, everyday hazard posed to steel erection

employees is loose items that have been
placed aloft, and that can fall and strike
employees working below. The following
requirements have been implemented to
protect employees from falling objects.
•Secure unused equipment, tools and
materials while aloft so they do not fall.
•The controlling contractor must bar
other construction processes below steel
erection activities, unless overhead
protection for employees working below
is provided.
Tip: Schedule work in such a way that
employees who work aloft do not work at the
same time as those who do work below the
steel erection activity.
Construction Overhead

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 Cranes
Hoisting and Rigging  

      Rigging and hoisting of steel members and

materials are essential parts of the steel
erection process. However, in addition to the
dangers usually associated with cranes and
derricks, steel erection also presents
specialized hazards, such as the use of cranes
to hoist employees, suspend loads over certain
employees, and perform multiple lifts. Because
of the specialized nature of these hazards, the
provisions below are intended to supplement,
rather than displace, the requirements of, the
OSHA standard covering cranes and derricks in
general construction.

•General
•Inspection
•Working under loads
•Multiple lift rigging
•Hoisting equipment

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General Provision for Hoisting and Rigging
Safety
The safety provisions apply to hoisting and rigging operations:

The crane operators must be responsible for operations under

their direct control. Whenever there is any doubt as to safety,
the operator must have the authority to:

stop all hoisting activities, and

refuse to handle loads until safety has been

assured.

Cranes or derricks may be used to hoist employees on a

personnel platform when steel erection is being conducted,
provided that all provisions of safety are met.

The headache ball, hook or load must not be used to transport

personnel.
Safety latches on hooks must not be deactivated or made
inoperable.
when a qualified rigger has determined that
the hoisting and placing of purlins and
single joists can be performed more safely by
doing so; or 
when equivalent protection is provided in a
site-specific erection plan.

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Inspection
•Before each shift, cranes being used in steel erection activities must be visually inspected by a
competent person. The inspection must include observation for deficiencies during operation,
including, at a minimum
all control mechanisms for maladjustments;

control and drive mechanism for excessive wear of components and contamination
by:
lubricants,
water, or
other foreign matter.
• safety devices, including but not limited to:

boom-angle indicators,
boom stops,
boom kick-out devices,
anti-two block devices, and
load moment indicators where required
•the hoisting equipment for level position; and
•the hoisting equipment for level position after each move and setup
•If any deficiency is identified, an immediate determination must be made by the competent
person as to whether the deficiency constitutes a hazard
•If the deficiency is determined to constitute a hazard, the hoisting equipment must be removed
from service, until the deficiency has been corrected
•A qualified rigger (a rigger who is also a qualified person) must inspect the rigging prior to each
shift

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 Hook

Working Under Load

•Routes for suspended loads must be preplanned to
ensure that no employee is required to work directly
below a suspended load, except for
employees engaged in the initial connection of the
steel

employees necessary for the hooking or unhooking

of the load

•When employees work under suspended loads, the

following criteria must be met
•Materials being hoisted must be rigged to prevent
unintentional displacement Suspended Load
•Hooks with self-closing safety latches or their
equivalent must be used to prevent components
from slipping out of the hook
•All loads must be rigged by a qualified rigger
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Multiple Lift Rigging
•A multiple lift may be performed only if the following criteria are met
•A multiple-lift rigging assembly is used
•A maximum of five members are hoisted per lift
•Only beams and similar structural members are lifted
•All employees engaged in the multiple lift have been trained in
these procedures
•No crane is permitted to be used for a multiple lift where such use is
contrary to the manufacturer's specifications and limitations
•Multiple-lift rigging assembly capacity, for the total assembly and for each
individual attachment point, must:
•be certified by the manufacturer or a qualified rigger,
•be based on the manufacturer's specifications, and
•have a 5-to-1 safety factor for all components
•The total load must not exceed:
•the rated capacity of the hoisting equipment specified in the
hoisting equipment load charts
•the rigging capacity specified in the rigging rating chart
•The multiple-lift rigging assembly must be rigged with members:
•attached at their center of gravity and maintained reasonably level
Multiple Lift
•rigged from top down
•rigged at least 7 feet apart
•The members on the multiple-lift rigging assembly must be set in position
from the bottom up
•Controlled load lowering must be used whenever the load is over the
connectors.

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Cranes
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Headache Ball

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Choker

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Multiple Lift Rigging

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Multiple Lift Rigging Procedure

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Tall Building Construction

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Fall Protection
In steel erection, a new, very narrow working surface is
constantly being created as skeletal steel is erected at
various heights. For many steel erectors, especially
connectors, the work starts at the  top level of the
structure. This means that anchor points above foot level
are often limited or unavailable. The special circumstances
of steel erection can make conventional fall protection very
difficult to deploy below 15 feet. For this reason, the
following requirements and exceptions in the the steel
erection fall protection standard have been made.

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General Requirements For Safety
•Employees who are on a walking/working surface with an unprotected edge
more than 15 feet above a lower level must be protected by conventional fall
protection
•Perimeter safety cables must be installed at the final interior and exterior
perimeters of multi-story structures as soon as the decking has been installed
•Connectors and employees working in controlled decking zones must be
protected from fall hazards
Note: The perimeter safety cables protect the detail crew that follows the
decking crew.

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Connectors
•Connectors must:
•be protected by conventional
fall protection when working on
a surface with an unprotected
edge more than two stories or
30 feet above a lower level, and
•have completed the connector
training
•While working at heights over 15 and
up to 30 feet, connectors must
•be provided with a complete
personal fall arrest system or
other allowable fall protection,
and
•wear the equipment necessary
for tying off.

Fall Arrest

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Controlled Decking Zone
•A CDZ can be established as a substitute for fall protection where
metal decking is initially being installed and forms the leading edge of
a work area over 15 and up to 30 feet above a lower level
•Leading-edge workers in a CDZ are required to:
•be protected from fall hazards above 2 stories or 30 feet
(whichever is less), and
•have completed CDZ training
•Employees who are not engaged in leading-edge work and properly
trained in the hazards involved are prohibited from entering the
CDZ.
•The CDZ is required to:

•be no more than 90 feet wide and 90 feet deep from any
leading edge,
•not exceed 3,000 square feet of unsecured decking,
•have designated and clearly marked boundaries with control lines
or the equivalent
Note: Control lines are commonly used as a marker because
they create a highly visible boundary. Controlled Decking Zone
•have safety deck attachments placed from the leading edge back to
the control line, and
•have at least two safety deck attachments for each metal decking
panel
•Final deck attachments and the installation of shear connectors
are prohibited from being done in the CDZ.

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Leading Edge

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Safety Deck Attachment

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Positioning Device for Safety

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Construction Safety Net

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Safety Net for Fall Protection

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