RATIO AND

PROPORTION

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• Mark reads 10 pages of a manuscript in 15 minutes. At this rate, how
many pages will he read in 25 minutes?
• When baking, 3 cups of flour require 5 eggs. If you make cookies
requiring 5 cups of flour, how many eggs will you need?
• Marty is paid PhP880 per two hours of lecture. In a week, he lectures
for 9 hours. How much would he be paid?
A. A ratio is a relationship between two quantities. We use the
following notations in writing the ratio of two quantities a and
b:
read as “a over b” or
a:b read as “a is to b”

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• To illustrate the concept of ratio,
consider this situation. Suppose a
vendor sells two baskets of fruits. One
basket contains 50 mangoes while the
other contains 60 avocados. The ratio of
mangoes to avocados is:
50:60, or 50/60.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• This can be reduced in lowest terms by dividing both terms of the ration by
their GCF:
or 5:6

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Example: Writing a Ratio
1. Mother Cecil wants to cook pancakes for
her children. She knows that an egg mixed
with a certain amount of flour can make 8
pancakes. What is the ratio of the number of
eggs to the number of pancakes?
• 1:8 or 1/8 ratio of number of eggs to the
number of pancakes.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• Six cups of flour is mixed with 2 cups of sugar.
What is the ratio of the number of cups of sugar
to that of flour?
2 . Six cups of flour is mixed with 2 cups of sugar. What
is the ratio of the number of cups of sugar to that of
flour?
• ratio of the number of cups of sugar to that of flour
• What part of the mixture is flour?
• amount of flour of the mixture

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

RATE
B. A rate is a comparison of two quantities
with different units. Ex: number of kilometers
to a number of hours (km/hr), number of feet
to number of seconds (ft/s) or Philippine
peso to US dollar (PhP/USD).

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

1. Mommy Cecil spends 32 minutes to make 8 pancakes
for her children. What is her rate in cooking pancakes?
Express your answer in simplest form.
• Mommy Cecil can cook 8 pancakes in
32 minutes. In simplest form:
= or

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

2. Daddy Rod drives 6 km to bring his daughter to
school. Their travel time usually takes 0.5 hour. What
is Daddy Rod’s driving rate? Express in simplest form.
• rate of daddy Rod’s driving. In simplest
form: = 12kph

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

What is the appropriate ratio of each item.
Express your answer in lowest terms:
a.30 out of 50 grade 11 students are girls.
30 : 50 or

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

C. When two ratios are equal, we may write
the equality in either of the following
notations:

or a : b = c : d

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• Such equality is called proportion. The outer terms a
and d are called the extremes, while the inner terms
b and c are called the means. An important property
of any proportion is the cross-product property,
which is illustrated with:

Formula: a : b = c : d where the product of the

extremes is equal to the product of the means; that
is: ad= bc.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• To illustrate this property, consider the following proportion:
3:5 = 9:15, or applying the cross-product property:

(3)(15) = (5)(9)
45 = 45

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Example: Solve for the value of X in the given proportion:
1. =
3x = 1(30)
X= 30/3
X= 10
a(d) = b(c)
1(30) = 3 (10)
30 = 30

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

DIRECT PROPORTION
• When two or more quantities
increase or decrease in the same
ratio, then their relationship is called
a direct proportion.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Example: A shoemaker finishes 3 pairs of men’s shoes for
every 5 pairs of ladies’ shoes that his son finishes. At the
same rate, if the shoemaker finishes 45 pairs of men’s
shoes, how many pairs of ladies’ shoes can his son finish?
3 : 5, or ratio of the men’s shoes to ladies shoes (father
and son).

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Let x be the number of ladies’ shoes the son can finish when the
father finishes 45 pairs of men’s shoes, We can form the following
proportion:

= Checking:
3x= 5(45) a (d) = b (c)
X= 225/5 3(75) = 5(45)
X=75 225 = 225

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

2. For every 2,000 jars that a company ships,
an average of 3 jars break during transit. If
the company ships 10,000 jars, how many
jars can be expected to break during transit?

2000: 3 or ratio of jar (shipment) to Jars

(break in transit)

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Let x be the number of jars that can be expected to break during
transit when the company ships 10,000 jars. We can form the
following proportion:

= Checking:
2000x = 3 (10,000) a (d) = b (c)
X= 30,000/2,000 2,000 (15) = 3 (10,000)
X= 15 30,000 = 30,000

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Checkpoint No. 7

• Solve for the value of X in the given proportions.

1. = 2. = 3. = 4. =
 
 
5. = 6. = 7. = 8. =

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

INDIRECT PROPORTION
• An INDIRECT PROPORTION exists between two quantities
if, as one quantity decreases, the other quantity
increases proportionately.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• Example: Suppose you are putting up a tailoring business.
Using your budget P6,000, you need to buy cloth for your
business and you have the following to choose from:

Cloth A: P120 per yard Cloth B: P100 per yard

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

If you choose cloth A, the number of yards you can buy is as
follows:
6,000/120 = 50 yards
From this equation, we can form the following equation:
(120) (50) = 6000
On the other hand, if you choose cloth B, the number of yards
you can buy:
6,000/100 = 60 yards
From this equation, we can also form the following equation:
(100) (60) = 6000

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

From the given situation, we can form this
equality:
(120) (50) = (100) (60)

Both the left hand and the right hand of the

equality are equal to 6000, which is called the
constant of proportionality of the indirect
proportion between the price of cloth and the
number of yards of cloth.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

In general, if the following equality represents an indirect
proportion:
a:b=c:d
then ab=cd

 Difference between the two types of proportion is as follows:

Direct proportion: If a : b = c : d, then ad=bc
Indirect proportion If a : b = c : d then ab=cd

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

EXAMPLE 1>> Solving Indirect Proportion
• Solve for the value of N in each indirect proportion below:
1) 12 : 5 = 20 : N
20N = (12) (5)
= 60/20
=3
2) 4 : 240 = 20 : N
20N = (4) (240)
= 960/20
= 48

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Example 2: Problem Solving Involving
Indirect Proportion
• The table shows the number of carpenters working
together and their corresponding number of days to
finish a certain task. Solve for N, which is the number
of days that the 12 carpenters can finish the same
task.
Number of Carpenters Number of Days
8 18
12 N

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

So if the proportion is 8 : 18 = 12 : N, we have the
following:

ab = cd Checking: ab = cd
(8) (18) = (12)(N) (8) (18) = (12) (12)
144/12 =N 144 = 144
12 = N (12 carpenters can finish the task in 12
days)

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• If it takes 3 days for 8 factory workers to finish 40 pairs
of shoes, how many days will it take 6 factory workers
to finish the same job? Assume that all of them work
at the same rate.
Example 3
• If it takes 3 days for 8 factory workers to finish 40 pairs
of shoes, how many days will it take 6 factory workers to
finish the same job? Assume that all of them work at
the same rate.
8:3=6:N
6N = (8) (3)
= 24/6
= 4 days ( the 6 factory workers can finish 40pairs
of shoes in 4 days)

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Example 4: Identifying the Type of
Proportion
• Tell whether each situation shows a direct or an indirect
proportion between the given quantities. Then solve the problem.

1. If 2 pencils costs P10.50, how many pencils can you buy with
P36.75?
DIRECT PROPORTION So if the proportion is 2 : 10.50 = N : 36.75,
then
10.50N = 2 (36.75)
= 73. 50/10.50
=7
Therefore, you can buy 7 pencils with P36.75

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

2. If it takes 7 days for 6 workers to tile the wall of a
building, how many workers are needed to tile the same
wall in only 2 days? Assume that all of them work at the
same rate.
INDIRECT PROPORTION So if the proportion is 6 : 7 = N :
2 then:
2N = (6) (7)
= 42/2
= 21
Thus, it takes 21 workers to tile the wall for 2 days.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

3. A farmer has enough corn to feed 300 hens for 20 days. If
he buys 100 more hens, how long will the same amount of
corn be consumed?
INDIRECT PROPORTION So, if the proportion is 300 : 20 = 400
: N, then:
400N = (300) (20)
= 6,000/400
= 15
Therefore, the corn feed will last 15days if 400 hens will be
fed.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

PARTITIVE PROPORTION

 Partitive proportion is a
proportion that requires
dividing a number or quantity
into two or more parts that are
not necessarily equal,
according to a given ratio.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Example:
Suppose a man owns 15 hectares (ha) of land. He wants to
divide the land into unequal areas based on ratio of 2 : 3. The
smaller area will be used for the shelter of his animals and the
other area for planting crops.
 First, we needed to “partition” the whole land into 5 parts
(that is, 2 parts + 3 parts). So we can also say that:
2 out of the 5 total parts of the land (or 2/5) are for the
animals; and
3 out of the 5 total parts of the land (or 3/5) are for the
crops.
 Second, we need to find 2/5 and 3/5 of 15 ha; that is ,
2/5 x 15 = 6 ha (land for animals)
3/5 x 15 = 9 ha (land for crops)

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Example 1:Problem Solving Involving Partitive Proportion

• A man and his father own a total of 35

ha of land. The ratio of the areas of the
man’s land to his father’s land is 3 : 4.
How many hectares of land does each
of them own?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• Answer and solution:
3+4 = 7 parts
a. 3/7 x 35 = 15 ha. (therefore, the man owns 15 ha of land)
b. 4/7 x 35 = 20 ha. (thus, his father owns 20 ha of land)

MTOT - ABM Class A

 A partitive proportion may also involve a
ratio of more than two terms.
Example 2:

A woman will divide her 20-ha

land among her three children
in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 5. How
many hectares of land will each
child get?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Answer and solution:
2 + 3 + 5 = 10 parts
a. 2/10 x 20 = 4 ha.
b. 3/10 x 20 = 6 ha.
c. 5/10 x 20 = 10 ha.

MTOT - ABM Class A

Example 3:

 The owner of a shoe factory gives a total

of P30,000 pesos as incentive to the three
most productive workers. The amount is
divided among those workers in the ratio
of 5 : 3 : 2. How much does each of them
receive?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

Answer and solution
5 +3 + 2 = 10 parts
a. 5/10 x 30,000 = 15,000
b. 3/10 x 30,000 = 9,000
c. 2/5 x 30,000 = 6,000

MTOT - ABM Class A

Example 4:

• Amlong, an owner of a multinational

company, plans to donate his P3,150,000
among his three chosen charitable institution
in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5. How much will each
institution receive?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• Answer and solution:
1 + 3 + 5 = 9 parts
a. 1/9 x 3,150,000 = 350,000
b. 3/9 x 3,150,000 = 1,050,000
c. 5/9 x 3,150,000 = 1.750,000

MTOT - ABM Class A

Example 5:

• Lollipop machine A works twice as fast

as machine B. Machine B works as
twice as fast as machine C. If the 3
machines will function at the same time
to produce 1,400,000 lollipops, how
many lollipops will each machine
produce?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• Answer and solution:
C = 1 B = 2 (twice as fast as C) A = 4 (twice as fast as B)
1+ 2 + 4 = 7 parts
a. 1/7 x 1,400,000 = 200,000 lollipops (machine C can produce)
b. 2/7 x 1,400,000 = 400,000 lollipops (machine B can produce)
c. 4/7 x 1,400,000 = 800,000 lollipops (machine A can produce)

MTOT - ABM Class A

Example 7: Identifying the Type of Proportion

• Determine the type of proportion that is

being illustrated in each problem then
solve the problem.
1. Chris earns P5,000 in 20 days. At this
rate, how much will he earn in 30 days?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

DP 5000 : 20 = N : 30 Solving N, we have:
= 150,000/20
= 7,500

MTOT - ABM Class A

2. Ann, Jane, and May shared P360
stamps among themselves in the ration
of
3 : 4 : 5. How many stamps did Ann
get?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

PP 3 + 4 + 5 = 12 parts
3/12 x 360 = 90 (therefore, Ann will get 90 stamps)

MTOT - ABM Class A

3. If 50 persons can consume a
certain amount of food in 6 days, in
how many days can 30 persons
consume the same amount of food?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

IP 50 : 6 = 30 : N Solving for N, we have:
30N =50 (6)
= 300 / 30
= 10
(thus, it will take 10 days for 30 persons to
consume the same amount of food)

MTOT - ABM Class A

Checkpoint No. 8
• A. Solve for n if each equality is an indirect proportion. 
1. 3 : n = 8 : 9 2. 64 : 2 = 8 : n
3. If 10 men can paint a house in 8 days, how long will it take
5 men to finish the same work? Assume that all of them work
at the same rate.

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

• B. Tell whether each situation shows a direct or an
indirect proportion between the given quantities.
Then solve the problem.
 4. Four packs of canned sardines cost ₱300. How many
packs of canned sardines can you buy with ₱750?
5. It takes 8 hours for one janitor to clean 20 identical
windows. If 3 janitors who are equally skilled will work
together, how long will they finish the same task?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

 Checkpoint No. 9
• Solve each problem.
1. In a certain contest, a cash incentive amounting to ₱2,000 will
be divided among three awardees – namely, the champion,
first runner-up, and the second runner-up – in the ratio of 5 :
3 : 2. How much will each awardee receive?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D

2. Atty. Forneloza has ₱1,000,000 in her bank account. She plans
to divide this between her two daughters in the ration of 3 : 2.
How much will each daughter get?

 Determine the type of proportion involved in each problem.

Then solve the problem.
3. If it takes 20 men to build a house in 3 months, how long will it
take 15 men to accomplish the same job?
4. The ratio of the number of apples, oranges, and bananas on a
table is 10 : 5 : 2, respectively. How many fruits of each kind are
there if there are 34 fruits on the table?

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS By: Class D