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Week4 Final

Storage devices in computers include magnetic hard disks and solid state drives that store data permanently, optical discs like CDs and DVDs for read-only or rewritable storage, and tape drives for backups. The operating system manages storage through file systems, disk formatting, defragmentation, and error checking to optimize storage performance. Common file systems are FAT, FAT32, NTFS, and EXT2/EXT3, which determine how files are logically organized and accessed on a storage device.

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Shah Az
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20 views

Week4 Final

Storage devices in computers include magnetic hard disks and solid state drives that store data permanently, optical discs like CDs and DVDs for read-only or rewritable storage, and tape drives for backups. The operating system manages storage through file systems, disk formatting, defragmentation, and error checking to optimize storage performance. Common file systems are FAT, FAT32, NTFS, and EXT2/EXT3, which determine how files are logically organized and accessed on a storage device.

Uploaded by

Shah Az
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 4

Storage Devices
y ’s
o d a e
T ctur
le

i c e s
t li n e ge dev
e O u s to ra
c t u r o r y /
e
L y of m e m
a rc h ra g e
1. e r
Hi etic s e to
a g n orag
2. M al st ra g e O S
ti c s to d b y
3. Op state us e
l i d - ra g e
4. So
i s st o
5. How
Hierarchy of
memory/ storage
devices
Reg.
Cache
RAM

Hard Disk
Analogy
Study table Mr. Northbridge

Study room Home Library City Library

Student Mr. Southbridge Mr. Librarian


Study room’s
file cabinet
Computers
Northbridge;
CPU Registers Memory Controller Hub (MCH)

CPU RAM Disk storage

Microprocessor Southbridge; Disk controller


I/O controller;
Cache memory IO controller hub (ICH)
Magnetic
storage
History
1956: IBM invented the first storage
system; had 50 disks of 2 foot diameter!
The capacity …. 5 MB
Currently, we have hard disks of > 1.5 TB

Do we need more storage capacity


?
Parkinson’s law: Data expands to fill the space
available for storage
\

Corollary: Work expands to fill the time available.


How they function:
Sector

Track

Photo credits: www.howstuffworks.com


Floppy drive:
Floppy drive
spins at 300 RPM;
takes .2 second to find data;
holds up to 1.44 MB data

ZIP disk is an example


high-capacity floppy disk
(~100 MB)
Hard disk:

Photo credits: http://preview.tinyurl.com/6aj52l


Hard disk drive
spins at 5400, 7200, 10000, 15000 RPM;
takes 6 to 12 milliseconds to find data;
holds up to 1.5 TB data
Most commonly used storage media
Tape drive:
Sequential access (not random)
Can store very large amounts of data

Commonly used for:


Backups
Infrequently used data
Optical
storage
How they function:

Lands (1s) reflect data; Pits (binary 0s) scatter data


Compact
disc label

pit land
lens lens
0 1
prism prism

Light- Light-
laser sensing laser sensing
diode diode diode diode
Read only optical drives:
• CD-ROM (Capacity: 650 MB)
CD speed is based on the original CD
speed (150 kbps); 10 X will read
1,500 Kbps

• DVD-ROM (Capacity up to 18 GB)


Use both sides of the disk; can read
CD-ROMs
Recordable optical drives:
• CD-R (Capacity: 650/700 MB)
Can record once; cannot be changed
Can keep adding until disk full
• CD-RW (Capacity up to 650/700 MB)
Can record and can rewrite too (upto 100 times)
Cannot be read in all CD players
Recordable optical drives:
• Photo-CD (developed by Kodak)
Photo storage;

Add until disk is full


(like CD-R)

Original pictures
cannot be changed
Recordable optical drives:
• DVD-R (Capacity: 4.7/ 8.5 GB)
Several formats; none standardized
Cannot be read in all players
• DVD-RAM
Allows reusing DVD media; Not
standardized; Easily writable
Cannot be read in all players
Solid-state
storage
How they function:
A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage
device that uses solid-state memory to
store persistent data.

An SSD using SRAM or DRAM (instead of


flash memory) is often called a RAM-drive.

No moving parts
(unlike magnetic/ optical storage)
Flash memory:

Found in cameras and USB drives


Combination of RAM and ROM
Long term updateable storage
Smart card:
Credit cards with a chip
Chip stores data
May be used as electronic cash
Hotels use for electronic keys
Solid State Disks (SSD):
Large amount of SDRAM
Extremely fast
Volatile storage
Require battery backups
Most have hard disks copying data
Performance
comparison
Storage
hierarchy

ve
nsi

fas
e
RAM

ter
exp
re
mo
cost
Hard Disk speed

Compact Disc
e
si v

slo
en

we
exp

Floppy Disk

r
s
les

Tape
Average access time
Depends on 1) RPM, 2) time to access track
Hard disk: 6 to 12 ms; CD drive: 80 to 800 ms

In contrast, RAM access time is in nanoseconds

Transfer rate
Hard disk: 15 – 160 Mbps;
CD drive: base rate= 150 Kbps; 24x; 48x
Floppy disks: 45 Kbps
How is storage used by
operating systems
??
?
Formatting
Disk formatting is the process of preparing a hard
disk or other storage medium for use, including
setting up an empty file system [Wikipedia].
2 levels of formatting:
Low-level: drawing tracks and sectors on disk
High-level: creating filesytem and bootsector
(sometimes called quick or logical format)
File Systems
A file system is a logical method of
configuring data on a disk’s surface.
Listing of where files are stored
Common file systems include:
1. File Allocation Table (FAT)
2. FAT32
3. NTFS
4. EXT2/EXT3 (Linux)
Optimizing computer
performance
Deleting unneeded files
Disk defragmentation
Disk defragmentation

file 1 after defragmenting

disk after defragmentation process


Scanning HDD for errors
File compression
re’s
ct u r y
Le m m a
ce s
Su
e d evi
o ra g
/ st
yo r
m e m
y o f :
a r c h r a g e
r
Hie etic st drives o
g n p y
Ma ape/ Flo e: p
k / T
o ra g
Dis
a l s t l e
p ti c o r da b
:
O e / r e c
ra g e d isk nc e
d ab l
st o ta te -
r ma
Re a
t a t e lid -s
er fo
l i d - s s , S o
r p
S o a rt ca rd
p u t e
h , S m c o m
la s g
re’s
ctu ces
Le eren
Ref

eek ma nc e
h i s w pe r fo r
for t i ng di sk
D ata rov
i ng I p
md
r
“Sto ring an’’ and
a s u
“Me ’’
e ek ystem
x t w m s ti ng S
r ne Syste
O pera
foOperati Netwo
n g r k
i n g a nd
“Us of PC ” and
??
? u e sti on s
s
/
?
Q sion d
nfu foun
Co ent
c an b e
g em
l e d
n o w e :
Ack bs i t p
i t s/ w e b 8 p
d s e 5 h
Cre co u r
c o m/
he rl.

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