EE-260

Lecture No 19

Electrical Machines
Text Book: Chapter 05 : Synchronous Generators
(Stephen J. Chapman 4th Ed)

5.1 Synchronous Generator Construction Page 267

5.2 The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator Page 272
5.3 The Internal Generated Voltage of a Synchronous Generator Page 273

Instructor: Dr. Farid Gul

Class: BEE-2k20AB
Electrical Engineering Department
Introduction
Every Machine has two
main parts with regards to
its construction:

I. Stator: The outer part of

the machine, which is
stationary, is called
Stator.
Slip
rings
II. Rotor: The inner rotating
part of the machine is Pole
called Rotor

DC excitation
winding
Fan

2
Introduction
Slip
Any machine has two main rings

windings:
Pole
I. Field Winding: The one which
produces main magnetic field in DC excitation
AC machines. Field winding is Fan
winding

located on the rotor, therefore

called field winding or rotor
winding.
II. Armature winding: Where the
main voltage is induced. This
winding is located on the stator,
therefore, stator winding or
Armature winding.

3
 Introduction
The two major classes of AC machines:
I. Synchronous Machine: whose magnetic field
current is supplied by a separate DC power
source. Mostly used as a Generator, actually
above 90% of the generators are Synchronous
machines.
II. Induction Machine: whose field current is
supplied by the magnetic induction
(transformer action) into their field winding.
Today’s most widely used motor, above 90% of
the today’s motors being used are induction.
4
Synchronous
Generators

5
Synchronous Generator

eind  N C  sin t

RMS voltage E A  K

6
5.1: Synchronous Generator Construction

• Synchronous generators (or

alternators) are synchronous
machines used to convert the
mechanical power to ac electrical
power.

• In Synchronous generator, a DC
current is supplied to the rotor
winding, which produces rotor
magnetic field.

7
 5.1: Synchronous Generator Construction
• The rotor is rotated by prime
mover (diesel engine, steam
turbine, gas turbine or water
turbine), producing a rotating
magnetic field within the
machine.
• The rotating magnetic field
induces a three-phase set of
voltages within the three
stator windings which are
displaced 120o apart from
each other.
• The rotor of a synchronous
generator is essentially a
large electromagnet.
8
9
Synchronous Generator Rotor Construction
• The magnetic poles on the
rotor can be of two types:
1. Salient Pole: Salient means
“protruding or sticking out
of surface”; the magnetic
poles that stick out from
the surface of the rotor.
2. Nonsalient: The magnetic
pole that flush with the
rotor surface.
• Nonsalient poles are normally
used for two and four pole
rotors while salient pole rotors
are used for four or more
poles.
10
 Synchronous Machine

Field Field
Winding Winding

Two Pole Cylindrical Rotor Machine Four Pole Salient Rotor Machine

11
 Synchronous Generator Rotor
Construction
A Nonsalient two pole rotor
A Salient six poles rotor

12
 Supplying DC to the Rotor Field Circuit:

Exciter Circuit
A DC current must be supplied to the field circuit on the rotor.
This current can be supplied using two approaches:

1. Supply the DC from a

special DC source, mounted Slip
rings
directly on the shaft of the
generator. Pole

2. Supply DC power from an

DC excitation
external DC source by Fan
winding

means of slip rings and

brushes.

13
Supplying DC to the Rotor Field Circuit:

Exciter Circuit
• Problems of Slip Rings and Brushes:
1. Slip rings increase maintenance, since the brushes
must be checked for wear regularly and replaced
when needed.
2. Brush voltage drop can cause significant power loss
on the machines with larger field current.
• Slip rings and brushes are used on all smaller
synchronous machines, because these are cost effective.

15
Supplying DC to the Rotor Field Circuit:
Brushless Exciter

Rotor

Stator

17
Supplying DC to the Rotor Field Circuit:
Brushless Exciter

Rotor

Stator

18
19
 5.2: The Speed of Rotation of a
Synchronous Generator
• The electrical frequency produced is locked in or
synchronized with the mechanical rate of the rotation of
generator.
• The rotor magnetic field points in whatever direction the
rotor is turned.
• The rate of rotation of the magnetic field is related to the
stator electrical frequency by:
nm P
fe 
120
• The rotor turns at the same speed as the magnetic field,

20
 The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous
Generator
• Electric power is generated at 50 or 60 Hz, so the generator
must turn at a fixed speed
• For 2 pole generator the rotor speed to produce the 60 and
50 Hz frequency must be 3600 and 3000 rpm respectively.
• For 60 Hz operation (f=60) 120
nm  fe
p
No. of Poles (p) Synchronous speed (nm)
------------------- -----------------------------
2 3600
4 1800
6 1200
8 900
10 720
12 600
21
 5.3: The Internal Generated Voltage
The voltage induced in a stator phase is:
e ind  N C  Sin t
(derived in chapter 4)

The peak voltage in any phase can be expressed as:

Emax  N C  2 N C f

The rms voltage of any phase of the three phase stator is:
NC 2
EA    N C f
2 2

E A  2  N c f

EA is the internal generated voltage 22

 5.3: The Internal Generated Voltage
The magnitude of the rms voltage induced in a given
stator phase {(derived in chapter 4 (Eq 4-50)} is :
E A  2  N c f
The expression can be modified in terms of machine
design constant, and the parameters that are variable
during machine operation (i.e. the flux and the angular
speed of the rotor or electrical frequency in rad/sec)
Expression in terms of ωe Expression in terms of ωm
Nc
EA   (2 f e )  e  2 f e
2
N Nc  P  P
E A  c  e EA    m  e  m
2 2 2  2
N NP
E A  K e K c E A  K  m K c
2 2 2
23
 5.3: Internal Generated Voltage
E A  K  m At constant m Φ and thus EA are
dependent on IF
EA  
E A   m
Upper limit of EA

Magnetization Curve or
the Open Circuit
Characteristics of the
machine

24
 Synchronous Machines

Generator

Exciter
View of a two-pole round rotor generator and exciter.

26
???
27