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Process Equipment Design-06

This document discusses the design of kettle reboilers. It describes kettle reboilers as having a TEMA K shell and U-tube or straight tube bundle. It explains the key components and functioning of kettle reboilers, including that feed enters the shell side while steam enters the tube side. The document also covers natural circulation and forced circulation reboilers, heat transfer mechanisms, and provides a step-by-step design procedure for kettle reboilers.

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PARAG DAHARWAL 20CH10020
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106 views25 pages

Process Equipment Design-06

This document discusses the design of kettle reboilers. It describes kettle reboilers as having a TEMA K shell and U-tube or straight tube bundle. It explains the key components and functioning of kettle reboilers, including that feed enters the shell side while steam enters the tube side. The document also covers natural circulation and forced circulation reboilers, heat transfer mechanisms, and provides a step-by-step design procedure for kettle reboilers.

Uploaded by

PARAG DAHARWAL 20CH10020
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Process Equipment Design

Lecture 06
Design of reboilers

• Introduction
• Types of reboilers
- Kettle type reboiler
- Natural circulation
- Forced circulation

Kettle reboiler – TEMA K shell and a tube bundle with U-tubes


or straight tubes along with a pull through floating head.
Kettle reboiler
Points to remember:
• Feed to the kettle reboiler enters only into the shell side.
• Steam as a heating medium enters the tube side.
• Purpose of the weir is to ensure the tube bundle to be merged in the
liquid.
• Weir also acts as a support to the tube bundle.
• Liquid is fed by gravity from the column and enters the reboiler as
feed.
• The product from the reboiler is the product of the distillation column.
Points to remember:
• Low circulation rates, horizontal configuration and insensitive to
system hydraulics.
• Does not require any other unit for circulation.
• Can be operated with low driving force.
• Minimum tube pitch need not be 1.25 times the tube outer diameter.
• More residence time results in fouling.
• Kettle diameter is large compared to other shell diameters.
Natural circulation/thermosyphon reboilers
Forced circulation reboilers
Boiling phenomena
• Free convection
• Nucleate boiling
• Transition boiling
• Film boiling
Heat transfer coefficient
• In nucleate boiling region, the heat-transfer coefficient is dependent on
the nature and the condition of the heat-transfer surface.

Forster & Zuber(1955)


is nucleate, pool, boiling coefficient,
is liquid thermal conductivity,
is the liquid heat capacity,
is the latent heat,
Heat transfer coefficient
• The heat-transfer coefficient, for a mixture of components is

• The reduced pressure equation is simple to use and is given by


Mostinski(1983)

Where is the operating pressure in bar,


is the liquid critical pressure in bar and
is the heat flux,
Critical heat flux

Where is the maximum(critical) heat flux for the tube bundle,


= 0.44 for square pitch and 0.41 for triangular pitch
is the tube pitch
is the tube outer diameter,
is the total no.of tubes in the bundle.
Convective boiling:
• The heat transfer mechanism in convective boiling,
where the boiling fluid is flowing through a tube
or over a tube-bundle is different.
• Chen’s method: In forced convective boiling, the
heat transfer coefficient is expressed as

Where is the convective boiling coefficient


and is the nucleate boiling coefficient.
Kettle reboiler
• Cross-sectional view of the reboiler
• Shell diameter is very large as compared
with the tube bundle diameter
• Boiling occurs and the generated vapour
moves in the upward direction
• Due to the continuous vapour generation,
turbulence occurs which breaks the
vapour blanket.
[ ]
1/ 𝑛1
𝑛𝑡
𝐷𝑏 =𝑑0
𝐾1
Design procedure
1. Determine the heat duty
2. Fluid to be boiled is introduced in the shell and the heating fluid is
introduced in the tubes
3. Obtain the mean temperature difference

4. Assume an initial value of U


Design procedure
5. Determine the area and the number of tubes 𝑇𝑆=25 𝑚𝑚=0.025 𝑚

6. Decide the number of passes


7. Fix the tube count and obtain bundle diameter
Actual no.of tubes and shell ID are obtained from the standard table. To
obtain bundle diameter, which should be lesser than shell diameter, we
deduce 0.25 inch from shell diameter.
Then, calculate the revised area and the system heat flux.
Fix the segment height to shell diameter to be 0.4 and obtain the
weir/effective liquid height as
Design procedure
8. Calculate the heat transfer coefficient and then obtain

9.𝑞Determine
𝑐𝑏 = 𝐾 𝑏 ( )( )
𝑃𝑇 𝜆
[
critical
𝑑𝑜 √ 𝑁 𝑡
𝜎 heat
2 0.25
𝜌𝑉 ) 𝜌𝑉 ]
𝑔 ( 𝜌 𝐿 −flux 𝑞′𝑐𝑏 =0.7 ×𝑞 𝑐𝑏 𝑞<𝑞 𝑐𝑏 ′

10. Obtain the shell diameter


Design procedure
11. Determine the dome segment area

Calculate the actual segment area using sector area factor


as
12. can never be less than . Adjust segment height accordingly.
13. Pressure drop calculations
Example 1
A kettle reboiler requires a dome segment area of 5.5 . The bundle diameter is
approximately 22.4 inch. What shell diameter is required?
Example 2
A 1-2 pass kettle reboiler is used to produce 100000 kg/h vapor at 5 bar, which
has critical pressure as 30 bar. The feed and saturated steam enters the reboiler
at 60 and 130, respectively. The reboiler has U-tubes of 19.05mm OD, 15mm Id
and 7.5 m total length and tubes are arranged in 25.4 mm square pitch. The
tubes are made of material having k as 50 . Assuming initial value of as 800
and steam condensing coefficient as 5500 . Calculate of reboiler. Compute shell
diameter of kettle. Check the actual flux condition.
Parameters:

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