Input/Output

G A N E S H PA I
A S S T. P R O F E S S O R G D I I I
D E PA RT M E N T O F C S E
N M A M I T, N I T T E
Overview of topics
 I/O Basics
 Reading Console Input
 Writing Console Output
 Print Writer Class

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  Java programs perform I/O through streams
 A stream is an abstraction that either produces or consumes
information.
 A stream is linked to a physical device by the Java I/O system.
 All streams behave in the same manner, even if the actual
Input/Output physical devices to which they are linked differ.
I/O Basics  The same I/O classes and methods can be applied to different
Reading Console Input types of devices.
Writing Console Output  An input stream can abstract different kinds of input: disk file,
Print Writer Class a keyboard, or a network socket.
 An output stream may refer to the console, a disk file, or a
network connection
 Java implements streams within class hierarchies defined in
the java.io package.

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I/O Basics
 Java defines two types of streams
 Byte streams
 Character streams
 Byte streams
 Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of bytes.
 Are used, for example, when reading or writing binary data.
 Character streams
 Provide a convenient means for handling input and output of characters.
 They use Unicode and, therefore, can be internationalized.

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 Byte Stream Classes
 Byte streams are defined by using two class
hierarchies.
 Top two abstract classes:
 InputStream
 OutputStream

 These abstract classes has several concrete

subclasses that handle the differences among various
devices, such as disk files, network connections, and
memory buffers.
 InputStream and OutputStream define several key
methods that other stream classes implement.
 Important ones: read( ), write( )

 Each has a form that is abstract and must be

overridden by derived stream classes

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Byte Stream Classes

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 Character Stream Classes
 Character streams are defined by using two
class hierarchies.
 Top two abstract classes:
 Reader
 Writer

 These abstract classes handle Unicode

character streams and has several concrete
subclasses for each of these
 Abstract classes Reader and Writer define
several key methods that other stream classes
implement.
 Important methods: read( ), write( ), which
read and write characters of data
 Each has a abstract form that must be
overridden by derived stream classes

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Character Stream Classes

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Predefined Streams
 All Java programs automatically import the java.lang package.
 java.lang defines a class called System, which encapsulates several aspects of the run-time
environment
 System contains three predefined stream variables
 in, out, and err.
 These fields are declared as public, static, and final within System.
 System.in refers to standard input, which is the keyboard by default.
 System.out refers to the standard output stream, console by default.
 System.err refers to the standard error stream, console by default.
 These streams may be redirected to any compatible I/O device.
 System.in is an object of type InputStream;
 System.out and System.err are objects of type PrintStream.

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 Reading Console Input
 Console input is read from System.in.
 Character based stream attached to the console, wrap System.in in a BufferedReader object.
 BufferedReader supports a buffered input stream.
 Commonly used constructor: BufferedReader(Reader inputReader)
inputReader is the stream that is linked to the instance of BufferedReader that is being created.

 One of the concrete subclass of abstract class Reader is InputStreamReader, which converts bytes to
characters.
 InputStreamReader object linked to System.in is obtained using the following constructor:
InputStreamReader(InputStream inputStream)
 Combining all, the following line of code creates a BufferedReader that is connected to the keyboard:
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
 br is a character-based stream that is linked to the console through System.in.
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Reading Characters
 To read a character from a BufferedReader, use read( ).
int read( ) throws IOException
 Each time read( ) is called,
 it reads a character from the input stream
 returns it as an integer value
 returns –1 when the end of stream is encountered

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Reading Characters
import java.io.*;
class BRRead {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
char c;

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.println("Enter characters, 'q' to quit.");

// read characters
do {
c = (char) br.read();
System.out.println(c);
} while(c != 'q');
}
}

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Reading Strings
 readLine( ), a member of the BufferedReader class is used to read a string from the keyboard.
 General form:
String readLine( ) throws IOException
 Returns a String object.

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Reading Strings
// Read a string from console using a BufferedReader.
import java.io.*;
class BRReadLines {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{
// create a BufferedReader using System.in
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
String str;

System.out.println("Enter lines of text.");

System.out.println("Enter 'stop' to quit.");
do {
str = br.readLine();
System.out.println(str);
} while(!str.equals("stop"));
}
}

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Writing Console Output
 Console output is accomplished with print( ) and println( ) defined by the PrintStream
 PrintStream is type of object referenced by System.out
 Since PrintStream is an output stream derived from OutputStream, it also implements the
low-level method write( ) to write to the console.
void write(int byteval)
writes the byte specified by byteval
// Demonstrate System.out.write().
class WriteDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int b;
b = 'A';
System.out.write(b);
System.out.write('\n');
}
}

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 Reading & Writing using Console object
 Java SE 6 adds the Console class.
 Console supplies no constructors.
 A Console object is obtained by calling System.console( )
static Console console( )

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Reading & Writing using Console object

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 PrintWriter Class
 PrintWriter is a character-based classes.

 One of the constructor

PrintWriter(OutputStream outputStream, boolean flushingOn)
 outputStream is an object of type OutputStream
 flushingOn controls whether Java flushes the output stream every time a println( ) method is called. If
flushingOn is true, flushing automatically takes place. If false, flushing is not automatic.

 PrintWriter supports the print( ) and println( ) methods.

 If an argument is not a simple type, the PrintWriter methods call the object’s toString( ) method and then
display the result.

 To write to the console by using a PrintWriter, specify System.out for the output stream and automatic flushing.

 Ex: Creates a PrintWriter that is connected to console output:

PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out, true);

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PrintWriter Class
// Demonstrate PrintWriter
import java.io.*;
public class PrintWriterDemo {
public static void main(String args[]) {
PrintWriter pw = new PrintWriter(System.out, true);

pw.println("This is a string");

int i = -7;
pw.println(i);

double d = 4.5e-7;
pw.println(d);
}
}

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End of Input Output

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