WP Eng.

ELEC Module 4 Transformers

August 2015

Rev: 1.0

3/20/23 1
 Moment
3/20/23 2
 Objectives

On completion of this Module the trainee will understands how transformers work ,
charactoristics of Transformrs , Three Phase Transformers , Power Transformers , the
excitation system of the Transformer,

3/20/23 3
 Content

1. How Transformers Work

2. Excitation system of the generator
3. Transformer Characterizes
4. Features of a Transformer
5. Three Phase Transformers
6. Transformer Noise
7. Close Out

3/20/23 4
 Magnetic Core Coil

3/20/23 5
 CORE INDUCTANCE FLUX VOLTAGE

• The iron-core coil oppose the applied voltage with its inductive
reactance, limiting current through the coil as predicted by the equations
• XL = 2πfL and I=E/X (or I=E/Z).
• The mathematical relationship between magnetic flux (Φ) and induced
voltage is given by this equation:

3/20/23 6
 Magnetic Ohms Law

3/20/23 7
 VOLTAGE FLUX AND MAGNETIZING CURRENT

• The mathematical relationship between magnetic flux and mmf is directly

proportional, and the mathematical relationship between mmf and current is
also directly proportional the current through the coil will be in-phase with
the flux wave:

3/20/23 8
 MAGNETIZING CURRENT

• The current through an iron-core inductor is not perfectly sinusoidal due to the
nonlinear B/H magnetization curve of iron.
• The magnetic flux density might reach high levels (approaching saturation),
resulting in a magnetizing current waveform that looks something like this:
• When a ferromagnetic material approaches magnetic flux saturation,
disproportionately greater levels of magnetic field force (mmf) are required to
deliver equal increases in magnetic field flux (Φ).

3/20/23 9
 Transformer Theory

• Iron core with two coils

3/20/23 10
 TRANSFORMER CHARACTERISTICS

3/20/23 11
 TRANSFORMER CHARACTERISTICS

• The generation of es is called mutual inductance: the induction of a voltage

in one coil in response to a change in current in the other coil. It is measured
in Henrys, is symbolized by the capital letter "M"

3/20/23 12
 TRANSFORMER LOAD

• For a load resistor an alternating current will go through the secondary

coil, in phase with the induced voltage.

3/20/23 13
 TRANSFORMER BASICS

3/20/23 14
 TRANSFORMER EQUATIONS

3/20/23 15
 TRANSFORMER FEATURES

• Electrical insulation: the ability to couple one circuit to another without the
use of direct wire connections.
• Phasing: the voltage and current for the two transformer windings can be in
phase with each other for the resistive load

3/20/23 16
 TRANSFORMER FEATURES

Winding configuration

3/20/23 17
 TRANSFORMER FEATURES

• Autotransformer: find popular use in applications requiring a slight boost or

reduction in voltage to a load

3/20/23 18
 TRANSFORMER FEATURES

 Voltage regulation
the output voltage of a transformer varies with the load even with a
constant voltage input. The degree of variance is affected by the primary
and secondary winding inductances, degree of mutual inductance. For
power transformer applications, where the transformer is seen by the
load (ideally) as a constant source of voltage, it is good to have the
secondary voltage vary as little as possible for wide variances in load
current.
The measure of how well a power transformer maintains constant
secondary voltage over a range of load currents is called the transformer's
voltage regulation. It can be calculated from the following formula:

3/20/23 19
 SPECIAL TRANSFORMERS

 FERORESONANT is to operate in a condition of persistent core saturation.

The "tank circuit" serves as a filter to reject harmonics created by the core
saturation . Provide constant output voltage due to substantial variations in
input voltage, filters harmonics between the power source and the load, and
to "ride through" brief losses of power

3/20/23 20
 SPECIAL TRANSFORMERS

 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

3/20/23 21
 TESLA COIL

• TESLA COIL

3/20/23 22
 SPECIAL TRANSFORMERS

 MAGNETIC AMPLIFIERS

3/20/23 23
 ENERGY LOSSES

• Due to resistance of the wire windings.Increasing the gauge of the winding

wire is one way to minimize this loss, but only with substantial increases in
cost, size, and weight.
• The most significant of losses are "core losses"
- eddy-current
- magnetic hysteresis

3/20/23 24
 INRUSH CURRENT

INRUSH CURRENT

3/20/23 25
 INRUSH CURRENT

• In an ideal transformer, the magnetizing current would rise to

approximately twice its normal peak value as well, generating the
necessary mmf to create this higher-than-normal flux.
• However, most transformers aren't designed with enough of a margin
between normal flux peaks and the saturation limits to avoid saturating in
a condition like this, and so the core will almost certainly saturate during
this first half-cycle of voltage.
• During saturation, disproportionate amounts of mmf are needed to
generate magnetic flux. This means that winding current, which creates
the mmf to cause flux in the core, will disproportionately rise to a value
easily exceeding twice its normal peak:

3/20/23 26
 3 PHASE TRANSFORMERRS

• Is made of three sets of primary and secondary windings,

• Each set wound around one leg of an iron core assembly.
• Those sets of primary and secondary windings will be connected in either D or
Y configurations to form a complete unit.
• Whether the winding sets share a common core assembly or each winding pair
is a separate transformer, the winding connection options are the same:

3/20/23 27
 POWER TRANSFORMERS

3/20/23 28
 3 PHASE TRANSFORMERRS

• All the winding ends marked with dots are connected to their respective
phases A, B, and C,
• Having both primary and secondary winding sets connected in "Y" formations
allows for the use of neutral conductors (N1 and N2) in each power system.

3/20/23 29
 3 PHASE TRANSFORMERS Y-D

• The secondary windings (bottom set) are connected in a chain, the "dot'"
side of one winding connected to the "non-dot" side of the next, forming
the D loop. At every connection point between pairs of windings, a
connection is made to a line of the second power system (A, B, and C).

3/20/23 30
 3 PHASE TRANSFORMERS Y-D

• Such a configuration would allow for the provision of multiple voltages (line-
to-line or line-to-neutral) in the second power system, from a source power
system having no neutral

3/20/23 31
 3 PHASE TRANSFORMERS D-D

• When there is no need for a neutral conductor in the secondary power system,
D-D connection schemes are preferred because of the inherent reliability of
the D configuration.

3/20/23 32
 THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER OPEN DELTA

• Considering that a D configuration can operate satisfactorily missing one

winding, some power system designers choose to create a three-phase
transformer bank with only two transformers, representing a D-D
configuration with a missing winding in both the primary and secondary
sides:

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER OPEN DELTA

3/20/23 33
 TRANSFORMER NOISE

• Audible noise is an effect primarily originating from the phenomenon of

magnetostriction the sound of the iron core expanding and contracting at
100 Hz

• Physical reaction force between primary and secondary windings when

heavily loaded

3/20/23 34
03/20/2023 35
Worley Parsons - This document is the property of Worley Parsons . No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Worley Parsons

April 9, 2015 36