Republic of the Philippines

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Tacloban City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ECE 344
COMMUNICATIONS 4:
DATA COMMUNICATIONS

ENGR. CHITO A. PETILLA

INSTRUCTOR
2ND
SEMESTER
SY 2020-2021
Networking Today
Networks Connect Us

Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and shelter. In
today’s world, through the use of networks, we are connected like never before.
 Networking Today
No Boundaries
• World without boundaries
• Global communities
• Human network
 Network Components
Host Roles
Every computer on a network is called a
host or end device.
Servers are computers that provide
information to end devices:
• email servers
• web servers Server Description
Type
• file server
Email Email server runs email server software.
Clients are computers that send Clients use client software to access email.
requests to the servers to retrieve
information: Web Web server runs web server software.
Clients use browser software to access web pages.
• web page from a web server
• email from an email server
File File server stores corporate and user files.
The client devices access these files.
Network Components
Peer-to-Peer
It is possible to have a device be a client and a server in a Peer-to-Peer Network. This type of network design is
only recommended for very small networks.

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up No centralized administration
Less complex Not as secure
Lower cost Not scalable

Used for simple tasks: transferring files and sharing printers Slower performance
 Network Components
End Devices
An end device is where a message originates from or where it is received. Data originates with an end device, flows through the
network, and arrives at an end device.
Network Components
Intermediary Network Devices
An intermediary device interconnects end devices. Examples include
switches, wireless access points, routers, and firewalls.
Management of data as it flows through a network is also the role of
an intermediary device, including:
• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
• Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.
• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.
 Network Components
Network Media
Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to travel from source to destination.

Media Types Description

Metal wires within cables Uses electrical impulses

Glass or plastic fibers within Uses pulses of light.

cables (fiber-optic cable)

Wireless transmission Uses modulation of specific

frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.
 Network Representations and Topologies
Network Representations
Network diagrams, often called topology
diagrams, use symbols to represent devices
within the network.
Important terms to know include:
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Physical Port
• Interface

Note: Often, the terms port and interface

are used interchangeably
 Network Representations and Topologies
Topology Diagrams
Logical topology diagrams illustrate devices,
Physical topology diagrams illustrate the physical ports, and the addressing scheme of the
location of intermediary devices and cable network.
installation.
Common Types of Networks

Networks of Many Sizes

• Small Home Networks – connect a few
computers to each other and the Internet
• Small Office/Home Office – enables computer
within a home or remote office to connect to
a corporate network
• Medium to Large Networks – many locations
Small Home SOHO with hundreds or thousands of
interconnected computers
• World Wide Networks – connects hundreds
of millions of computers world-wide – such as
the internet

Medium/Large World Wide

 Common Types of Networks
LANs and WANs
Network infrastructures vary greatly in terms
of:
• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services available
• Area of responsibility

Two most common types of networks:

• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN).
 Common Types of Networks
LANs and WANs
A WAN is a network infrastructure that spans
A LAN is a network infrastructure that spans a wide geographical area.
a small geographical area.

LAN WAN
Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas.
Administered by a single organization or individual. Typically administered by one or more service providers.
Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal devices. Typically provide slower speed links between LANs.
 Common Types of Networks

The Internet
The internet is a worldwide collection of
interconnected LANs and WANs.
• LANs are connected to each other using
WANs.
• WANs may use copper wires, fiber optic
cables, and wireless transmissions.
The internet is not owned by any individual or
group. The following groups were developed to
help maintain structure on the internet:
• IETF
• ICANN
• IAB
Common Types of Networks

Intranets and Extranets

An intranet is a private collection of LANs and
WANs internal to an organization that is meant
to be accessible only to the organizations
members or others with authorization.
An organization might use an extranet to
provide secure access to their network for
individuals who work for a different
organization that need access to their data on
their network.
Internet Connections
Internet Access Technologies
There are many ways to connect users and
organizations to the internet:
• Popular services for home users and
small offices include broadband
cable, broadband digital subscriber
line (DSL), wireless WANs, and mobile
services.
• Organizations need faster
connections to support IP phones,
video conferencing and data center
storage.
• Business-class interconnections are
usually provided by service providers
(SP) and may include: business DSL,
leased lines, and Metro Ethernet.
Internet Connections

Home and Small Office Internet Connections

Connection Description

Cable high bandwidth, always on, internet

offered by cable television service
providers.

DSL high bandwidth, always on, internet

connection that runs over a telephone
line.
Cellular uses a cell phone network to connect to
the internet.

Satellite major benefit to rural areas without

Internet Service Providers.

Dial-up an inexpensive, low bandwidth option

telephone using a modem.
Internet Connections
Businesses Internet Connections
Corporate business connections may require: Type of Description
Connection
• higher bandwidth
• dedicated connections Dedicated These are reserved circuits within the
Leased Line service provider’s network that connect
• managed services distant offices with private voice and/or
data networking.

Ethernet This extends LAN access technology into

WAN the WAN.

DSL Business DSL is available in various

formats including Symmetric Digital
Subscriber Lines (SDSL).

Satellite This can provide a connection when a

wired solution is not available.
 Internet Connections
The Converging Network
Before converged networks, an organization
would have been separately cabled for
telephone, video, and data. Each of these
networks would use different technologies
to carry the signal.
Each of these technologies would use a
different set of rules and standards.
Internet Connections
The Converging Network

Converged data networks carry multiple

services on one link including:
• data
• voice
• video
Converged networks can deliver data,
voice, and video over the same network
infrastructure. The network infrastructure
uses the same set of rules and standards.
Reliable Network

Network Architecture
Network Architecture refers to the technologies
that support the infrastructure that moves data
across the network.
There are four basic characteristics that the
underlying architectures need to address to
meet user expectations:
• Fault Tolerance
• Scalability
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Security
Reliable Network
Fault Tolerance
A fault tolerant network limits the impact of a
failure by limiting the number of affected
devices. Multiple paths are required for fault
tolerance.
Reliable networks provide redundancy by
implementing a packet switched network:
• Packet switching splits traffic into packets
that are routed over a network.
• Each packet could theoretically take a
different path to the destination.
This is not possible with circuit-switched
networks which establish dedicated circuits.
Reliable Network

Scalability
A scalable network can expand
quickly and easily to support new
users and applications without
impacting the performance of
services to existing users.
Network designers follow accepted
standards and protocols in order to
make the networks scalable.
Reliable Network

Quality of Service
Voice and live video transmissions
require higher expectations for those
services being delivered.
Have you ever watched a live video
with constant breaks and pauses? This
is caused when there is a higher
demand for bandwidth than available
– and QoS isn’t configured.
• Quality of Service (QoS) is the
primary mechanism used to ensure
reliable delivery of content for all
users.
• With a QoS policy in place, the
router can more easily manage the
flow of data and voice traffic.
Reliable Network
There are two main types of
Network Security network security that must be
addressed:
• Network infrastructure security
• Physical security of network devices
• Preventing unauthorized access to the
devices
• Information Security
• Protection of the information or data
transmitted over the network

Three goals of network security:

• Confidentiality – only intended
recipients can read the data
• Integrity – assurance that the data
has not be altered with during
transmission
• Availability – assurance of timely
and reliable access to data for
authorized users
Network Trends

Recent Trends
The role of the network must
adjust and continually transform in
order to be able to keep up with
new technologies and end user
devices as they constantly come to
the market.
Several new networking trends
that effect organizations and
consumers:
• Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
• Online collaboration
• Video communications
• Cloud computing
Network Trends

Bring Your Own Device Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

allows users to use their own
devices giving them more
opportunities and greater
flexibility.
BYOD allows end users to have the
freedom to use personal tools to
access information and
communicate using their:
• Laptops
• Netbooks
• Tablets
• Smartphones
• E-readers
BYOD means any device, with any
ownership, used anywhere.
Network Trends

Online Collaboration
• Collaborate and work with others
over the network on joint projects.
• Collaboration tools including Cisco
WebEx (shown in the figure) gives
users a way to instantly connect
and interact.
• Collaboration is a very high priority
for businesses and in education.
• Cisco Webex Teams is a
multifunctional collaboration tool.
• send instant messages
• post images
• post videos and links
Network Trends

Video Communication
• Video calls are made to anyone, regardless of where they are located.
• Video conferencing is a powerful tool for communicating with others.
• Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective collaboration.
Network Trends
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing allows us to store personal files or backup our data on servers
over the internet.
• Applications can also be accessed using the Cloud.
• Allows businesses to deliver to any device anywhere in the world.

Cloud computing is made possible by data centers.

• Smaller companies that can’t afford their own data centers, lease server and storage
services from larger data center organizations in the Cloud.
Network Trends

Cloud Computing
Four types of Clouds:
• Public Clouds
• Available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or for free.
• Private Clouds
• Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the government.
• Hybrid Clouds
• Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom and part public.
• Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected using the same architecture.
• Custom Clouds
• Built to meet the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or media.
• Can be private or public.
Network Trends

Technology Trends in the Home

• Smart home technology is a growing
trend that allows technology to be
integrated into every-day appliances
which allows them to interconnect
with other devices.
• Ovens might know what time to
cook a meal for you by
communicating with your calendar
on what time you are scheduled to
be home.
• Smart home technology is currently
being developed for all rooms within
a house.
Network Trends • Powerline networking can
Powerline Networking allow devices to connect to a
LAN where data network cables
or wireless communications are
not a viable option.
• Using a standard powerline
adapter, devices can connect to
the LAN wherever there is an
electrical outlet by sending
data on certain frequencies.
• Powerline networking is
especially useful when wireless
access points cannot reach all
the devices in the home.
Network Trends

Wireless Broadband
In addition to DSL and cable, wireless is
another option used to connect homes
and small businesses to the internet.
• More commonly found in rural
environments, a Wireless Internet
Service Provider (WISP) is an ISP that
connects subscribers to designated
access points or hotspots.
• Wireless broadband is another solution
for the home and small businesses.
• Uses the same cellular technology used
by a smart phone.
• An antenna is installed outside the
house providing wireless or wired
connectivity for devices in the home.
Network Security

Security Threats • Network security is an integral part

of networking regardless of the size
of the network.
• The network security that is
implemented must take into
account the environment while
securing the data, but still allowing
for quality of service that is
expected of the network.
• Securing a network involves many
protocols, technologies, devices,
tools, and techniques in order to
secure data and mitigate threats.
• Threat vectors might be external or
internal.
Network Security

Security Threats External Threats:

• Viruses, worms, and Trojan
horses
• Spyware and adware
• Zero-day attacks
• Threat Actor attacks
• Denial of service attacks
• Data interception and theft
• Identity theft

Internal Threats:
• lost or stolen devices
• accidental misuse by
employees
• malicious employees
Network Security

Security Solutions
Security must be implemented in multiple layers
using more than one security solution.
Network security components for home or small
office network:
• Antivirus and antispyware software
should be installed on end devices.
• Firewall filtering used to block
unauthorized access to the network.
Network Security

Security Solutions
Larger networks have additional security
requirements:
• Dedicated firewall system
• Access control lists (ACL)
• Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
• Virtual private networks (VPN)
The study of network security starts with a clear
understanding of the underlying switching and
routing infrastructure.