UNIT-II

MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
 What are the transport Phenomena?
A subject in which we study the three closely related topics-
fluid dynamics, heat transfer and mass transfer is called a
transport Phenomena.
 Fluid dynamics involves the transport of momentum.
 Heat transfer deals with the transport of energy.
 Mass transfer is concerned with the transport of mass of various
chemical species.
We study these topics for the following reasons:
• They frequently occur simultaneously in industrial, biological,
agricultural and meteorological problems; in fact, the occurrence of any
one transport process by itself is the exception rather than the rule.
 Three levels at which transport phenomena can
be studied are---
i. Macroscopic level: We write down a set of equations
called the macroscopic balances which describe how the mass,
momentum, energy and angular momentum in the system
change because of the introduction and removal of these entities
via the entering and leaving the streams.
ii. Microscopic level
iii. Molecular level
Contd…
• Viscosity
• Mechanism of momentum transport
• The simple shear flow between parallel plates and discuss
how momentum is transferred through the fluid by viscous
action. This is an example of molecular momentum transport.
• Momentum can also be transferred by the bulk fluid motion
and that such convective momentum transport is proportional
to the fluid density.
 Newton’s law of viscosity
(Molecular transport of momentum)

• Consider a pair of large parallel plates, each one with area A,

separated by a distance Y. In the space between them is a
fluid either a gas or a liquid. The system is initially at rest but
at time t = 0 the lower plate is set in motion in the positive x
direction at a constant velocity V.
• As time proceeds, the fluid gains momentum and ultimately
the linear steady-state velocity profile established.
• When the final state of the steady motion has been attained,
a constant force F is required to maintain the motion of the
lower plate.
Contd…
Contd…
• Force may be expressed as follows—
F/A = μV/Y --------- (i)
The force should be proportional to the area and to the velocity, and inversely
proportional to the distance between the plates. The constant of proportionality μ
is the property of the fluid, defined to be the viscosity.
Equation (i) can be written as follows—

---------- (ii)

Where, is the force in the x-direction on a unit area perpendicular to the y-

direction. It is understood that this is the force exerted by the fluid of lesser y on
the fluid of greater y. Equation (ii) is called the Newton’s law of viscosty. τyx- flux
of x-momentum in the positive y-direction.
Non-newtonian fluids:
MCQ
Problem: Compute the steady-state momentum flux τyx in lbf/ft2
when the lower plate velocity V is 1 ft/s in the positive x-
direction, the plate separation Y is 0.001 ft and the fluid viscosity
μ is 0.7 cp.
Viscosity = 0.7 x 2.0886 x 10-5 = 1.46 x 10-5 lbfs/ft2.
a. 5.67 x 10-6lbf/ft2
b.1.46 x 10-2 lbf/ft2
c. 1.46 x 10-2kgf/m2
d. none
 Generalization of Newton’s Law of Viscosity

• Previously, we have discussed simple steady-state shearing

flow in which vx is a function of y alone, vy and vz are zero.
• Usually, we are interested in more complicated flows in
which the three velocity components may depend on all
three coordinates and possibly on time.
• To do this, we consider a very general flow pattern, in which
the fluid velocity may be in various directions at various
places and may depend on the time t.
The velocity components are given by---
vx = vx (x, y, z, t), vy = vy (x,y,z,t), vz = vz (x,y,z,t)
Contd…
• There will be two contributions to the force: That
(i) associated with pressure
• The pressure force will always be perpendicular to the exposed
surface.
• The pressure force will be exerted when the fluid is stationary as
well as when it is in motion.
(ii) associated with the viscous force
• The viscous forces come into play only when there are velocity
gradient within the fluid.
• In general, they are neither perpendicular to the surface element
nor parallel to it, but rather at some angle to the surface.
Contd…
• Molecular stress is defined as—

• This can be interpreted in two ways---

• Force in the j-direction of on a unit area perpendicular to
the i-direction
Or
• Flux of j-momentum in the positive i-direction
Contd…
 MCQ
• Which is the correct for molecular stress p?
a. p

b. p
c. both b and c
Contd..
• The generalization of Newton’s law of viscosity—

• Where, k is the dilatational viscosity which come from kinetic

theory of gases, for example k is zero for monatomic gases at
low density.
 Pressure and temperature dependence of viscosity

• The plot in figure 1.3-1 gives a global view of the pressure and
temperature dependence of viscosity. The reduced viscosity μr
= μ/μc is plotted versus the reduced temperature Tr = T/Tc for
various values of the reduced pressure pr = p/pc.
• A reduced quantity is one that has been made dimensionless
by dividing by corresponding quantity at the critical point.
• The viscosity of gas at low density increases with increasing
temperature whereas the viscosity of a liquid decreases with
increasing temperature.
Contd…
• μc may be estimated in one of the following ways:
i. If a value of viscosity known at a given reduced pressure and
temperature then μc can be calculated from μc = μ/μr.
ii. If critical p-v-T data are available then μc may be estimated
from these empirical relations:
μc=61.6(MTc)1/2(Vc)-2/3and μc = 7.70M1/2pc2/3Tc-1/6
Here μc is in micropoise, pc in atm, Tc in K and Vc in
cm3/g-mole
Contd…
• Estimate the viscosity of N2 at 500C and 854 atm, given M = 28
g/g-mole, pc = 33.5 atm and Tc = 126.2K.
 Convective momentum transport
• A process by which momentum is transported by bulk flow of
fluid is called the convective transport.
• Consider the cube-shaped region in space through which the
fluid is flowing. At the center of the cube (located at x, y, z) the
fluid velocity vector is v. This fluid carries with it momentum ρv
per unit volume.
• Hence the momentum flux across the shaded area is v xρv; note
that this the momentum flux from region of lesser x to the region
of greater x. similarly we can write momentum flux for various
shaded areas.
• The quantity ρvxvy is the convective flux of y-momentum across
a surface perpendicular to the x-direction.
Contd…
Contd…
• Combined momentum flux is the sum of molecular
momentum flux and the convective momentum flux.
φ = π + ρvv
φxy = the combined flux of y-momentum across a surface
perpendicular to the x direction by molecular and convective
mechanism.
• The second index gives the component of momentum being
transported and the first index gives the direction of
transport.
Contd…
• Solve all example and unsolved problems
which are related to unit-II syllabus. If any
doubt then students can discuss with me.
 UNIT-III
(Velocity distribution in laminar flow and turbulent flow)
 Shell momentum balance and boundary
conditions
• Momentum balance over a thin shell of the fluid for steady
flow is----
[rate of momentum in by convective transport] - [rate of momentum out by
convective transport] + [rate of momentum in by molecular transport] -
[rate of momentum out by molecular transport] + [force of gravity acting
on the system] = 0 ---------- (1)
Boundary conditions
1. Solid-fluid interface: the fluid velocity equals the velocity with
which the solid surface is moving ; this statement is applied to
both the tangential and normal component of the velocity
vector. The equality of the tangential components is referred
to as the “no slip condition”.
Contd…
2.Liquid-liquid interface: Tangential velocity
components vy and vz are continuous through the interface
(no slip condition)as are also the molecular stress-tensor
components.
3. Gas–liquid interface: The stress tensor components τxy and
τxz are taken to be zero. The gas side velocity gradient is not
too large and viscosities of gases are much less than those of
liquids.
 Flow of a falling film
• Consider the flow of a liquid down an inclined flat plate of
length L and width W. We also consider the viscosity and
density of the fluid to be constant.
• Applications: wetted wall tower, evaporation and gas
absorption experiments and coatings.
Contd…
 Flow of falling film

𝝓𝒛𝒛
𝝓𝒙𝒛
𝝓𝒚𝒛

Figure A1 Figure A2
Contd…
τxz = (ρg Cos β)x
vz = (ρgδ2Cosβ/2μ) [1-(x/δ)2]
(i) Vz,max = ρgδ2Cosβ/2μ
(ii) The average velocity <vz> over a cross-
section of the film is obtained
Solve Examples 2.2-1 and 2.2-2
Problem
 Flow through a circular tube
• Applications: Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Engineering etc.
• We consider the steady state, laminar flow of a fluid with
constant density and viscosity in a vertical tube of length L
and radius R.
• The liquid flows downward under the influence of a pressure
difference and gravity.
• We select as our system a cylindrical shell of thickness Δr and
length L and we start to write down the various contributions
to the z-momentum balance.
Contd…
• Rate of z-momentum in across
Annular surface at z = 0

• Rate of z-momentum out

across annular surface at z = L

• Rate of z-momentum in across

cylindrical surface at r

• Rate of z-momentum out across

Cylindrical surface at (r + Δr)

• Gravity force acting in z-direction

on cylindrical shell
• Momentum flux distribution τrz = [(PO-PL)/2L]r
• Velocity distribution vz = [(P0-PL)R2/4μL][1-(r/R)2]
• Maximum velocity vzmax = (P0-PL)R2/4μL
• Average velocity
• Mass flow rate
• Z-component of the force
• Example: 2.3-1,2.3-2
 Flow through an annulus
• Consider the steady state upward axial flow of an incompressible liquid in
an annular region between two coaxial cylinders of radii kR and R.
Flow of two adjacent immiscible liquids
Problems
Contd…