GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION

SUBJECT CODE : EE253

UNIT- I POWER GENERATION

Generation, Transmission & Distribution Scenario of India - Types of generation: Conventional and Non-conventional, Thermal Power Plant, Hydro Power Plant, Gas Power Plant, Nuclear Power Plant, Non-conventional Energy Sources - Load capacity factor - Connected load factor - Load duration curve - Selection of units.

CONVENTIONAL METHODS Classifications:

a) b) c)

Steam power station Hydro electric power station Nuclear power station

STEAM POWER PLANT

MAIN PARTS:
1. 2.

Coal and ash handling plant Steam generating unit

a. b. c. d.

Boiler Super heater Economiser Air preheater

3. 4. 5. 6.

Steam turbine Alternator Feed water Cooling arrangement

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Advantages:

Fuel is the cheapest source Capital cost is low It can be installed at any place It requires less space compared to the hydro power station Cost of transmission lines and losses will be low

Disadvantages:
Maintenance Running Ash Air

cost of the plant is high

cost is high

handling is difficult

is polluted

SELECTION OF SITE FOR THERMAL POWER PLANT

Supply of fuel Availability of water Transportation facilities Cost and type of land Nearness to load centres Distance from populated area

EFFICIENCY:


Thermal efficiency (30%)

Overall efficiency

Overall efficiency = 29%

Huge amount of heat is lost in the condenser  Heat losses occur at various stages of the plant


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Current installed capacity of Thermal Power February 28, 2011 is 111,324.48 MW which is 64.75%. Some of the major Power plants in India are listed below:
S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 City Vindhyachal Talchar Ramagundram
Neyveli

State Madha Pradesh Orissa Andhra Pradesh

Tamil nadu

Capacity (MW) 3620 3000 2600 2490 2000

Singrauli

Uttar Pradesh

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HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

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Parts of Hydro electric power station: 1.Hydraulic structures: Reservoir Dam spillway Surge tank Valve house Penstock 2. Water Turbine impulse turbine reaction turbine 3.Electrical equipment
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Types of Hydro Turbines: Impulse turbines Pelton Wheel Reaction turbines Kaplan Turbine Francis Turbines

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IMPULSE TURBINE:

Uses the velocity of the water to move the runner and discharges to atmospheric pressure.

The water stream hits each bucket on the runner. No suction downside, water flows out through turbine housing after hitting.

High head, low flow applications. Types : Pelton wheel, Cross Flow
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PELTON WHEELS:

Nozzles direct forceful streams of water against a series of spoonshaped buckets mounted around the edge of a wheel. Each bucket reverses the flow of water and this impulse spins the turbineSuited for high head, low flow sites. The largest units can be up to 200 MW. Can operate with heads as small as 15 meters and as high as 1,800 meters.
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REACTION TURBINES
Combined action of pressure and moving water. Runner placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than striking each individually. lower head and higher flows than compared with the impulse turbines.

There are 2 types Francis turbine Low to medium heads Water flow is radial Kaplan turbine Low heads and large quantity of water efficiency high Water flow is axial
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Advantages:
      

Water is the cheapest and reliable source No fuel transportation problem Maintenance cost is low Running cost is low Life of this plant is more Non-polluting and hence environment friendly. Ability to start and stop quickly and instantaneous load acceptance/rejection Has higher efficiency (over 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas (around 50%). Storage based hydro schemes often provide attendant benefits of irrigation, flood control, drinking water supply, navigation, recreation, tourism etc. Being located in remote regions leads to development of interior backward areas (education, medical, road communication, telecommunication etc.)

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Disadvantages:

Long time for erection Capital cost of the plant is high Cost of transmission lines and losses will be more Depends on rain fall
Skilled and experienced hands are required to build the plant

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SELECTION OF SITE FOR HYDRO POWER PLANT

Availability of water. Storage of water Cost and type of land Transportation facilities.

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Some of the major power plants are listed below:

S.No. 1 Baira siul Loktak Salal Indira sagar Teesta-V Bhakra Dam Sharavathi City State Himachal Pradesh Manipur Jammu & Kashmir Madhya Pradesh Sikkim Himachal Pradesh Karnataka Capacity (MW) 180

2 3 4 5 6 7

105

690 1000

510 1325

1469

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HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN INDIA

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Baspa II

Binwa

Gaj

Nathpa Jakri

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Nuclear Power plant

Energy released from the continuous nuclear

fission Neutron from U-235 strikes another nucleus and causes to fission.
The most important feature of this type of power station is that huge amount of electrical energy can be produced from a relatively small amount of nuclear fuel as compared to other conventional types of power stations.  It has been found that complete fission of 1 kg of Uranium (U235) can produced as much energy as can be produced by the burning of 4,500 tons of high grade coal.

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Main components:
Nuclear reactor:
Fuel : pellets of uranium - rods Reactor core : no. of fuel rods Moderator : to moderate the neutron velocity (graphite, heavy and light water) Coolant : to transfer heat (water, liquid metals)

Control rods : Neutron absorber (cadmium, boron & hafnium) Pressure vessel: to maintain constant pressure.

Heat exchanger Steam turbine Alternator

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Nuclear reactor: The important types of nuclear reactor include: Pressurized water reactor - water under high pressure is used as the coolant Boiling water reactor - boiling water under high pressure is used as the coolant High temperature gas reactor - an inert gas such as helium is used as the coolant Fast breeder reactor
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PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR

REACTOR

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BOILING WATER REACTOR

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Advantages: Amount of fuel required is very small No fuel transportation problem Less space is required Low running charges Located at load centre Most economical It ensures reliability of operation
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Disadvantages: Long time for erection They need highly skilled person for erection work Capital cost and maintenance cost of the plant are high By products are radio active and cause pollution Fuel is expensive and difficult to recover This is not suitable for varying loads The disposal of by-product, which is radioactive, is a big problem.
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SELECTION OF SITE FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Availability of water Transportation facilities Distance from populated area Disposal of waste Nearness to load centre

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In India currently, seventeen nuclear power reactors produce 4,120.00MW. Some of the major power plants are:
Capacity (MW) 1400 1180 440 660 440 440

S.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

City Tarapur Atomic Power Station (TAPS) Rajasthan Atomic Power Station (RAPS) Madras Atomic Power Station (MAPS) Kaiga Generating Station Narora Atomic Power Station (NAPS) Kakrapar Atomic Power Station (KAPS)

State Maharashtra Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Karnataka Uttar Pradesh Gujarat

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Gas Power plant

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Main components:
Compressor Regenerator Combustion Gas

chamber

turbine

Alternator

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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 Ambient

air is compressed to 11-30 bar pressure and as a consequence its temperature rises.  Most of this warm air is used in the combustor to burn the fuel (natural gas or a liquid e.g. oil etc.).  The resulting hot gas expands through the turbine, doing work, and exits at nearly atmospheric pressure but a temperature of up to 500-640 C.
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PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
Work extracted during the expansion is used to turn the turbine which drives the generator that produces electricity.

The hot exit gas from the turbine still has significant amounts of energy which is used to raise steam to drive a steam-turbine and another generator. This combination of gas and steam cycle gives rise to the term combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant

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OPEN CYCLE

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CLOSED CYCLE

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Advantages:
         

Simple design Less space Initial and operating cost is low Requires less water Maintenance cost is low It can be started quickly from cold condition There are no stand by loss Construction is simple Unlike steam turbines , they require very less water for cooling Gas Turbine is more suitable for power generation, where water scarcity exists or the water is more precious
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Disadvantages:
  

There is a problem for starting the unit Over all efficiency is low(20%) They have a shorter service life (Temperature of combustion chamber is quite high (3000F) so that its life is comparatively reduced).

 

They have a lower specific power They are more sensitive to fuel quality

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NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER GENERATION

Solar Energy Geothermal resources Wind power plants Tidal power plants MHD power generation-principle

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SOLAR ENERGY
A FEW FACTS Every day the earth receives thousands of times more energy from the sun than is consumed in all other resources. If a 140x140 mile parcel of land in Arizona was covered with solar cells, the electricity needs of the entire United States could be met. The sunlight falling on a typical house can provide from 1/3 to 1/2 of the heating needs of that house. Today solar energy accounts for only 1% of the total renewable energy consumed in the United States

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SOLAR RADIATION
solar heating panels/passive solar power generation solar cells / photovoltaic cells

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SOLAR POWER PLANT

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Advantages: It is free of pollution Requires little maintenance economical

Disadvantages:
 Available  Not

only by day not when sun is cloudy

reliable at high attitudes

 Located  Initial

cost is high.
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WIND POWER

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WIND POWER - WHAT IS IT?



All renewable energy (except tidal and geothermal power), ultimately comes from the sun The earth receives 1.74 x 1017 watts of power (per hour) from the sun About one or 2 percent of this energy is converted to wind energy (which is about 50-100 times more than the energy converted to biomass by all plants on earth Differential heating of the earths surface and atmosphere induces vertical and horizontal air currents that are affected by the earths rotation and contours of the land WIND. ~ e.g.: Land Sea Breeze Cycle
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A wind turbine obtains its power input by converting the force of the wind into a torque (turning force) acting on the rotor blades.  The amount of energy which the wind transfers to the rotor depends on the density of the air, the rotor area, and the wind speed.  The kinetic energy of a moving body is proportional to its mass (or weight). The kinetic energy in the wind thus depends on the density of the air, i.e. its mass per unit of volume. In other words, the "heavier" the air, the more energy is received by the turbine.
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Advantages of Wind Power

 The wind blows day and night, which allows windmills to produce electricity throughout the day. (Faster during the day)  Energy output from a wind turbine will vary as the wind varies, although the most rapid variations will to some extent be compensated for by the inertia of the wind turbine rotor.  Wind energy is a domestic, renewable source of energy that generates no pollution and has little environmental impact. Up to 95 percent of land used for wind farms can also be used for other profitable activities including ranching, farming and forestry.
No transportation of fuel is required. There is no air pollution No operator is needed
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Dis advantages:
   

Initial cost is high Its required more space Very noisy operation Blade design is very carefully make.

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TIDAL POWER PLANT

 

It is a rise and fall of water level of sea Due to the action of sun and moon on the earth water.

Classifications:

Single basin arrangement. Double basin arrangement.

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GENERAL SCHEME OF TIDAL POWER PLANT

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Advantages  There is no pollution since no fuel is used.  It is superior to hydro-electric power plants since it does not depend on rain  No hazardous gases ,ash ,atomic waste etc are produced Dis advantages  Installation cost is high  High transmission losses  Sea water is corrosive and so special non corroding materials have to be used for construction.
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