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AIDS

AIDS/HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and can develop into AIDS, which makes a person vulnerable to life-threatening infections and diseases; it is believed to have originated from chimpanzees in Africa and spread to humans in the early 20th century before becoming a global epidemic; while there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can effectively treat the virus and prevent its transmission.

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Keith Corpuz Largo
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89 views

AIDS

AIDS/HIV is a virus that attacks the immune system and can develop into AIDS, which makes a person vulnerable to life-threatening infections and diseases; it is believed to have originated from chimpanzees in Africa and spread to humans in the early 20th century before becoming a global epidemic; while there is no cure for HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral therapy can effectively treat the virus and prevent its transmission.

Uploaded by

Keith Corpuz Largo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AIDS

Acquired Immune Deficiency


Syndrome

AIDS have become quite well known through


scientific publication and the mass media. This is a
current issue which calls for immediate attention of
any person who is an authority on and understand
about AIDS. Undeniably it is a dreaded disease, a
social problem of any country today.
What is HIV?

The human immunodeficiency virus, or


HIV, is a virus that attacks the immune
system, specifically CD4 cells (or T cells).

The virus is transmitted through bodily


fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal
fluids, anal fluids, and breast milk.
Historically, HIV has most often been
spread through unprotected sex, the
sharing of needles for drug use, and
through birth.
What is HIV?
Over time, HIV can
destroy so many CD4
cells that the body can’t
fight infections and
diseases, eventually
leading to the most severe
form of an HIV infection:
acquired
immunodeficiency
syndrome, or AIDS.

A person with AIDS is very


vulnerable to cancer and
to life-threatening
infections, such as
Though there is no cure for HIV or AIDS, a person with HIV
who receives treatment early can live nearly as long as
someone without the virus.
And a study in 2019 in the medical journal, Lancet,
showed that an anti-viral treatment effectively halted
the spread of HIV.
Where did AIDS
come from?

Scientists have traced the origin of HIV back to


chimpanzees and simian immunodeficiency virus
(SIV), an HIV-like virus that attacks the immune
system of monkeys and apes.
In 1990, researchers identified a strain of chimpanzee SIV called SIVcpz, which
was nearly identical to HIV. Chimps, the scientist later discovered, hunt and eat
two smaller species of monkeys—red-capped mangabeys and greater spot-
nosed monkeys—that carry and infect the chimps with two strains of SIV. These
two strains likely combined to form SIVcpz, which can spread between
chimpanzees and humans
• SIVcpz likely jumped to humans when hunters in Africa ate infected
chimps, or the chimps’ infected blood got into the cuts or wounds
of hunters.
•Researchers believe the first transmission of SIV to HIV in humans
that then led to the global pandemic occurred in 1920 in Kinshasa,
the capital and largest city in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
•The virus spread may have spread from Kinshasa along
infrastructure routes (roads, railways, and rivers) via migrants and
the sex trade.
•In the 1960s, HIV spread from Africa to Haiti and the
Caribbean when Haitian professionals in the colonial
Democratic Republic of Congo returned home.
•The virus then moved from the Caribbean to New York City
around 1970 and then to San Francisco later in the
decade.
•International travel from the United States helped the
virus spread across the rest of the globe.
The AIDS epidemic arises
●Though HIV arrived in the United States around 1970, it didn’t
come to the public’s attention until the early 1980s.
●In 1981, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
published a report about five previously healthy homosexual men
becoming infected with Pneumocystis pneumonia, which is caused
by the normally harmless fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. This type
of pneumonia, the CDC noted, almost never affects people with
uncompromised immune systems.
The following year, The New York Though the CDC discovered
Times published an alarming all major routes of the
article about the new immune disease’s transmission—as
system disorder, which, by that well as that female partners
time, had affected 335 people, of AIDS.
killing 136 of them. In September of 1982, the CDC
Because the disease appeared to used the term AIDS to
affect mostly homosexual men, describe the disease for the
officials initially called it gay- first time.
related immune deficiency, or
GRID.
The HIV test arrives
•In 1984, researchers finally identified the cause of AIDS—the
HIV virus—and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed
the first commercial blood test for HIV in 1985.

•Today, numerous tests can detect HIV, most of which work by


detecting HIV antibodies. The tests can be done on blood, saliva,
or urine, though the blood tests detect HIV sooner after exposure
due to higher levels of antibodies.

•By the end of 1985, there were more than 20,000 reported
cases of AIDS, with at least one case in every region of the
world.
NEWLY DIAGNOSED
CASES
In February 2022, there were 1,054 confirmed HIV-positive individuals
reported to the HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP) and
were accounted to the total (96,266)b reported cases since January
1984.

Moreover, 28% (297) of individuals reported in February had advanced HIV


infection (152c based on immunologic criterion, additional 145 based on
clinical criteria) at the time of testing.

Ninety-five percent (1,006) of the reported cases were male while 5% (48)
were females. Of the total reported cases this period, 60% (630) were
cisgendere , 3% (35) were transgender women, 25% (260) identified their
gender neither as man or woman. While 12%(129) do not have data on
gender identity.
Further,
50% (528) of the cases were 25-34 years
old at the time of diagnosis,
30% (311) were 15-24 years old,
18% (188) were 35-49 years old,
2% (26) were 50 years and older,
and <1%(1) was less than 15 years old.
The median age was 28 years old (age
range: 2-70 years old).

Mode of Transmission (MOT)


Of the total reported cases (1,054) in February 2022,
99% (1,039) were transmitted through sexual
contact.
Further, <1% (5) of the reported cases have acquired
HIV through sharing of infected needles and <1% (1)
through mother-to-child transmission. One percent
(9) had no data on MOT at the time of reporting
Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART)

February 2022, there were 861 people with HIV who were initiated on
ART. All were on first line regimen. The median CD4 of these patients
upon enrollment was at 231 cells/mm3. A total of 57,401 people living
with HIV (PLHIV) reported were presently on ART as of February 2022.
Ninety-six percent (55,233) were males. The age of reported cases
ranged from 1 to 80 years (median: 32 years old). Ninety-six percent
were on the first line regimen, 4% were on the second line, and <1%
were on the other line of regimen.
Anti-Retroviral Therapy
(ART)
AZT is Developed
In 1987, the first antiretroviral
medication for HIV, azidothymidine
(AZT), became available.
Numerous other medications for HIV
are now available, and are typically
used together in what’s known as
antiretroviral therapy (ART) or highly
active antiretroviral treatment
(HAART).
Anti-Retroviral Therapy
(ART)
First-line ART regimens consisted of two nucleoside/nucleotide
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs; zidovudine or
stavudine and lamivudine) and one non-nucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI; nevirapine or efavirenz), while
second-line consisted of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir with 2
NRTIs.

Second-line Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) regimens are used


when patients develop treatment failure for first-line drug
regimens. It is costly unaffordable and it is not widely available
for patients in resource limiting setting, there is a need to
maximizing the duration of stay on second-line regimen.
HIV AND AIDS
HIV spreads by : HIV does not spreads
√ Using contaminated syringes or by :
needles √ Hugging and kissing
√ Unprotected sex √ Shaking hands
√ Oral sex has certain risk involved √ Sharing meals and
√ From mother to baby talking
√ Contaminated blood transfusion √ Breathing the same
√ Blood contact with infected person air as the patients
√ Open-mouth kissing (From bleeding)√ In contact with saliva
√ Body fluids transmission- like breastor tears
milk, blood, semen, rectal fluids, √ Mosquito bites
pretty-seminal fluid, vaginal fluids are
PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIDS

√ By remaining faithful
√ Using condoms
√ Not sharing needles, razors or brushes
√ Examining blood before transferring it to a patient
√ Sterilizing dental & surgical instruments
√ Taking medical treatment while delivering and
breastfeeding a child
Group 5
Abegail Meguiso
Shane Lagudas
Jonnah Mae Babao
Aida Kamin

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