MATHEMATICS PROJECT
COMPLEX
NUMBERS
Introduction:
In 16th-century, The Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano is
credited with introducing complex numbers—in his attempts to find
solutions to cubic equations. A complex number whose real part is
zero is said to be purely imaginary, and the points for these numbers
lie on the vertical axis of the complex plane.
Definition:
A complex number is a number that can be expressed
in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers,
and i represents the imaginary unit, satisfying the
equation i² = −1.
Because no real number satisfies this equation, i is
called an imaginary number.
For a quadratic equation :
x2+1=0
The roots are, x=±√-1
or
x=±i
In equation, ax2+bx+c=0
Discriminant D= b2-4ac < 0 , is not possible in system of real numbers.
So a number z=a+ib [a,b ∈ R] called a complex number is introduced here.
Examples:
2+3i, -1+i√3 , 4+i(-1/11)
In Z=a+ib
a Real part(Denoted by ReZ)
b Imaginary part(Denoted by ImZ)
Equality of complex numbers:
Two complex numbers Z1=a1+ib1 & Z2= a2+ib2 are said to be equal
if a1=a2 &b1=b2.
Example:
Given 4x+i(3x-y)=3+i(-6).Find the values of x & y.
Solution:
We
know
that,
a1=4x;a2=3
b 1=(3x-y);b2=-6
On solving we get
X=3/4 & y=33/4
Sub Topics:
1) Algebra of
2) Power of I.
complex numbers.
3) Square root of 4) Modulus and
negative real conjugate of complex
numbers. numbers.
5) Argand plane and
polar representation.
Brief Description:
Algebra of complex numbers:
Given two complex numbers : Z1=a1+ib1 Z2=a2+ib2
Z1+Z2
Z1+Z2 = (a1+a2)+i(b1+b2)
The above addition follows,
1. Closure law
2. Commutative law
3. Associative law
4. Additive identity
5. Additive inverse
Z1-Z2
Z1-Z2 = Z1 + (-Z2)
(Z1)( Z2)
Z1Z2 = (a1a2 – b1b2) + i(a1b2 + a2b1)
The above multiplication follows:
• Closure law
• Commutative law
• Associative law
• Multiplicative identity
• Multiplicative inverse
• Distributive law
Z1/Z2
Z1/Z2 = Z1*(1/Z2)
note: Here Z2 ≠ 0
Problems:
• If z1 = 6+3i & z2 = 2-I, find z1 – z2
Sol: z1 – z2 = (6+3i) – (2-i)
= (6+3i) + (-2+i)
= 4+4i
• If z1 = 6+3i & z2 = 2-I, find z1/z2
Sol: z1/z2 = (6+3i)*(1/(2-i))
= (6+3i)*(1/(2-i)*(2+i)/(2+i))
= (6+3i)*(2+i/4-i2)
= (12/5 – 3/5) + i(6/5 + 6/5)…
(Using (z1,z2) )
= 1/5 (9 + 12i)
Power of i:
In general for any integer ‘k’
• I4k = 1
• I4k+1 = i
• I4k+2 = -1
• I4k+3 = -i
Problems:
Find i3,i4,i-3,i-2
Sol:
• I3 = i2(i) (We know that i2 = -1)
= -i
• I4 =( i2)2
= (-1)2
= 1
• I-3 = 1/i3
= 1/-i * i/i
= +i
• I-2 = 1/i2
= 1/-1
= -1
Square roots of negative real numbers:
From the equation :
X2 + 1 = 0
The square root of -1 are i & -i
i and –i are both solutions of the above equation.
Now, We know that, √a * √b = √ab when a<0, b<0 (or) a>0,b>0
What if a<0 and b<0?
note: i2 = √-1 * √-1 = √ (-1)(-1) = √1 = 1 (by assuming √a * √b = √ab),which is a
contradiction to i2 = -1
Therefore √a * √b ≠ √ab If a,b<0.
Further if ‘a’ or ‘b’ is 0, then, √a * √b = √ab = 0.
Identities:
• ( Z1 + Z2)2 = Z12 + Z22 + 2(Z1)(Z2)
• ( Z1 +(-Z2))2 = Z12 + Z22 + 2(Z1)(-Z2)
• ( Z1 + Z2)3 = Z13 + Z23 + 3 Z1 Z22 + 3 Z12 Z2
• ( Z1 - Z2)3 = Z13 - Z23 - 3 Z12 Z2+ 3 Z1 Z22
• (Z12 - Z22) = ( Z1 + Z2) ( Z1 - Z2)
Modulus and conjugate of a complex number:
• Modulus of Z:
|Z| = √a2 + b2 (non-negative real number)
• Conjugate of Z:
= a – ib (again a complex number)
Now,
Z = a + ib
Z-1= 1/a+ib
Z-1 = a/a2+b2 + i(-b/ a2+b2)
Z-1 = a – ib/ a2+b2
Z-1 = /|Z|2
or Z = |Z|2 .
Argand plane and Polar representation:
The complex number x=iy which corresponds to the ordered pair (x,y) can
be represented geometrically as a unique point P(x,y) in the (x-y) plane.
Example:
Represent (2+4i),(-2+3i),(0+i),(-5-2i) and (1-2i) in argand plane.
Solution:
The above complex numbers correspond to the ordered pair (2+4),
(-2+3),(0+1),(-5-2) and (1-2).
The ordered pairs are represented as
A,B,C,D & E are plotted respectively.
The plane having a complex number
assigned to each of its point is called
Argand Plane.
In argand plane, the modulus of complex
number x+iy = √x2+y2 is the distance
between the point P(x,y) and origin
o(0,0).
Points on x-axis corresponds to complex
number a+i0(Real axis)
Points on y-axis corresponds to complex
number 0+ib(Imaginary axis)
Representation of a complex number z
= x+iy & its conjugate:
z = x+iy in the argand plane are
respectively the points P(x,y) &
Q (x,-y).
Geometrically point (x,-y) is the mirror of
the point (x,y) on real axis.
Polar representation:
In a non-zero complex number
z = x+iy, The point P is uniquely determined by the
ordered pair of real numbers (r, θ) called polar
coordinates of point P.
Now we have, x = rcosθ y = rsinθ
Z = r(cosθ + isinθ) [polar form of complex
number]
And here,
r = |z| = √x2 + y2
θ = Argument of Z (argZ) (0≤θ<2π)
Applications of complex numbers:
In Electronics:
The state of circuit element is described by two real numbers(voltage v and current I). But it also has
capacitance ‘c’ and inductance ‘L’.
These are described by complex numbers.
Example: w = c + iL
Where, w is complex number
C is capacitance (real part)
L is inductance (imaginary part)
In computer science:
Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT)
• Algorithm in computer science
• Image processing
• Digital communication
• Signal processing
In a given sequence of numbers
x0,x2,……,xN-1, the DFT is defined as
• Representation of 3D Rotations:
Quaternions is the number system that extends
the complex numbers.
• Quaternion Multiplication:
X 1 i j k
1 1 i j k
i i -1 k -j
j j -k -1 i
k k j -i -1
w = k, jk = I, ki = j, also i2 =j2 = k2 = -1
when rotation s are represented with Quaternions becomes
much easier to smoothly interpolate one rotation to another.
Summary:
Key Concepts:
The square root of any negative number can be written as a multiple of i.
To plot a complex number, we use two number lines, crossed to form the complex plane.
The horizontal axis is the real axis, and the vertical axis is the imaginary axis.
Complex numbers can be added and subtracted by combining the real parts and
combining the imaginary parts.
Complex numbers can be multiplied and divided.
To multiply complex numbers, distribute just as with polynomials.
To divide complex numbers, multiply both the numerator and denominator by the
complex conjugate of the denominator to eliminate the complex number from the
denominator.
The powers of i are cyclic, repeating every fourth one.
Creators,
Gugan.M
Jeevanandham.H
Karthick.S
Lisha.V
Manikandan.M
Manivannan.C
