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DISS
SOCIAL
SCIENCES
the study of people: as individuals, communities and
societies; their behaviors and interactions with each other
and with their built, technological and natural
environments.
- Social science is the different from natural science and
humanities because its primary interest lies in predicting and
explaining human behavior. Natural science, on the other hand,
aims to predict all natural phenomena and its studies are based on
experimentally controlled condition of material entities.
- Humanism seeks to understand “human reactions to events

and the meanings humans impose on experience as a function
of culture, historical era, and life history.
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
- The scientific method refers to a standardized set of techniques
for building scientific knowledge, such as how to make valid
observations, how to interpret results and to generalize results.
- It has the same objectives with research, which investigates

and studies different materials and sources in the pursuit of
advancing knowledge.
- A researcher tests his or hypothesis by subjecting it to careful

scrutiny and debate and finally comes up with a conclusion that
either validates or disproves the hypothesis.
THE STEPS IN THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD ARE FOLLOWS:
1. Defining the problem

2. Reviewing the literature
3. Forming hypothesis
4. Collecting and analyzing data
5. Drawing conclusions
STAGES OF THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
 Define the research problem  Key Questions
What are variables or the units of

analysis being studied?
What is the time frame or period of the
study?
PROCESS
 Review the related literature  Key Questions
What has already been written about the

topic?
What are the research gaps?
PROCESS
 Formulate hypothesis  Key Questions
 What are the specific parameters of the
research problem?
 What are the means of manipulating the
variable and/or measuring the result of
study?
PROCESS
 Prepare the research design  Key Questions
 Prepare the research going to be
descriptive, exploratory, or
experimental?
 How should the sample be selected from
the population?
PROCESS
 Collect data  Key Questions
 Will the interviews be done personally
or over the phone
 Who are the target participants of the
survey?
PROCESS
 Analyze data  Key Questions
 What do the data reveal about the
relationships of the variables being
studied?
 How do the data answer the research
problem?
PROCESS
 Interpret the results and write the report  Key Questions
 What are the social implications and
significance of the findings?
 Are the sources, both primary and
secondary, properly cited in the study?
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
- The research design sets the direction of the

whole study. According to Selluz, et al. as cited in
Mukul Gupta’s book (2011) Research
Methodology, “research design is the
arrangement of conditions for the collection
analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine
relevance to the research purposes with the
economy in procedure.
Types Characteristics
 Descriptive research  It provides answers to basic questions

associated with the research problem
 Historical research  This design collects, verifies, and

synthesizes evidence from the past in
order to validate or reject a hypothesis.
 Experimental research This type of research answers the question,

‘what causes something to occur?
 Exploratory research This design tackles research problems that

have little or no previous studies done on it.
 Cross – sectional research This design measures similarities or

differences across groups and subjects.
Example: A study on the incidence of breast
cancer across different age groups of
women
 Longitudinal research It studies the same sample across regular

time intervals.
 Sequential research This type of research design carried out in a

series over a time interval.
Example: A study on the effects of diet,
exercise, and common medication on heart
disease conducted across different age
groups.
 Case study This type of design is applied to study a

very particular research problem.
Example: Improving school conditions by
changing public policy in South Los
Angeles: the Community Coalition
Partnership
 Meta- analysis This type of design that evaluates and

summarizes the results of other individual
studies.
Example: Fertility and women’s
employment: A meta-analysis.

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DISS

- Humanism seeks to understand “human reactions to events

- It has the same objectives with research, which investigates

- A researcher tests his or hypothesis by subjecting it to careful

1. Defining the problem

What are variables or the units of

What has already been written about the

- The research design sets the direction of the

 Descriptive research  It provides answers to basic questions

 Historical research  This design collects, verifies, and

 Experimental research This type of research answers the question,

 Exploratory research This design tackles research problems that

 Cross – sectional research This design measures similarities or

 Longitudinal research It studies the same sample across regular

 Sequential research This type of research design carried out in a

 Case study This type of design is applied to study a

 Meta- analysis This type of design that evaluates and

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