7 QC Tools

By : MargDarshan - Gurgaon
 7 QC Tools
vyavaisqat samasyaa
samaaGaana tknaIkoM .

2
 SEVEN QC TOOLS

* Check Sheets (caOk SaIMT)

* Pareto Diagram (proTao caaT-)
* Cause and Effect Diagram (karNa AaOr p`Baava icaHa)
* Stratification. (sT//OTIif,koSana\)
* Scatter Diagram. (skOTRr D,ayagaa`ma\)
* Histogram. (ihsTaogaa`ma)
* Graphs and Control Charts. (gaa`f AaOr knT/aola caaT-
sa)

3
 DaTa kOsao ek~ kro
1. Have Clear Defined Objective (spYT ]woXya kao
jaananaa)
• ]<padna p`ik`yaa ka inayaM~Na AaOr inado-Xana
krnaa .
• Analysis (ivaXlaoYaNa) of non-conformance(gaDbaDI)
• Inspection
2. What Is Your Purpose (tumhara ]WoXya @yaa hOM )
• Collecting as per strata (thaoM ko Anausaar)
• Collecting in Pairs (correlation) {jaaoDao maoM [@T\za}
3. Are Measurements Reliable (ivaXvaasa yaaogya)
4. Find Right Ways to Record Data(DaTa irkaiD-ga ka sahI
trIka #aaojao)
• Arrangement (vyavasqaa) 4
 Check Sheet

What: An easy to understand form used to answer the question “

How often are certain events happening?” ( p`Xna ik “
inaiXcat gaitivaiQayaa^M kba-kba haotI hOM” [saka ]<ar
donao ko ilae caok XaIToM AasaanaI sao samaJa maoM Aanao
vaalao fama- ko $p maoM haotI hOM. )
Why: Starts the process of translating “opinion” into “fact ( yah
ivacaaraoM ka sa%ya tqyaaoM maoM $paMtrNa
sao Xau$ krtI hOM.)
When: Gathering data in order to detect patterns.(pOTna-sa kao
samaJanao ko
ilae DaTa [@T\za krnaa .)
Good point to start most problem solving cycles. 5
 Check Sheet
How :
Team agrees as to exactly what event is being observed. ( ijasa
gaitivaiQa ka inarIxaNa ikyaa jaa rha hO vaao vaastva
maoM @yaa hO [sa pr sahmat haonaa).
Decide on the time period during which data will be collected. This could
range from hours to weeks. (samaya kala, ijasamaoM
Aa^MkDo [@T\To ikyao jaato hOM, kao tya {inaiXcat}
kroM . [sakI ronja GaMTao sao saPtahaoM tk hao saktI
hOM.)
Design a form that is clear and easy to use making sure that all columns
are clearly labeled and that there is enough space to enter the data. ( ek
fama- kI $pro#aa tOyaar krnaa jaao AasaanaI
sao ]pyaaoga maoM Aata hao AaOMr yah sauinaiScat
krta haoM ik saBaI ka^lamasa\ spYTt : laobalD, hOM 6
 Check sheet contd…(]dahrNa -
jaaMca p~)
Diagram type check sheet Frequency check sheet
SN Class Mean Value Tally Marks Total
1 950-955 952.5 IIII 4
2 955-960 957.5 IIII III 8
3 960-965 962.5 IIII IIII IIII 15
4 965-970 967.5 IIII IIII 10
5 970-975 972.5 IIII I 6

Mark defect by
Inspection check sheet
Part No: Process: Machine:
Sn Parameter Spec Sample No Judgement Remark
1 2 3 4 5

7
 Pareto Analysis
What:
• A bar chart that helps to prioritize actions by arranging elements in
descending order of occurrence.Sorts out the “vital few” from the
“trivial many”. baar caaT- tqyaaoM kao GaTnaaAaoM ko GaTto
k`ma maoM lagaa kr sauQaar kayaao- maoM p`aqaimakta donao
maoM sahayata krta hOM.
Why :
• To prioritize actions needed to solve complex problems.poMcaIlaI
samasyaaAaoM kao hla krnao ko ilae ike jaanao vaalao
kayaao-M kao p`aqaimakta donaa .
• To separate important from non-important causes contributing to a
problem. samasyaa kao p`Baaivat krnao vaalao Anaok karNaaoM
maoM sao AavaSyak karNaaoM kao Alaga krnaa .
When :
• Many factors are impacting a problem.ek p`aobalma pr Anaok
fO@Tsa- p`Baava Dalato haoM .
• Attention needs to be directed only to the few factors that account 8
 Contd……. Pareto Analysis
How contd….
•Draw bar graph showing constituent ratio on vertical axis. maaOilak AMSa
Anaupat kao vaiT-kla axis {QaUrI} pr id#aato hue Bar Graph
#aIMcaoM .
•Connect cumulative percentage of each bar graph to obtain Pareto curve. baar gaa`f kI
[@T\za haonao vaalaI Rejection
p`itSat kao jaaoD,o
details taik proTao kva- p`aPt hao
of Pinion
sako .
Defect Defect Qty % Cum
Code description Rej Contribution %age
A Drill Broken 70 46.60% 46.60%
B Serration Mismatch 45 30% 76.60%
C Runout more 25 16.60% 93.20%
D Dia U/S 6 4% 97.20%
E Dia O/S 4 2.80% 100%
Total 150
9
 Contd… Pareto
100%
n=150

75%

50%
Nos.

25%

A B C D E
Defect Code 10
 Types of Pareto Diagrams
1. Pareto Diagrams by Phenomenon(GaTnaa ko AaQaar pr
proTao Da^yagaa`ma)
• Quality: defects, faults, failure, complaints, RW etc.
• Cost: amount of loss, expenses
• Delivery: delay in delivery, stock shortages etc
• Safety: accidents, mistakes, breakdowns etc
2. Pareto Diagrams by Causes (karNa ko AaQaar pr proTao
Da^yagaa`ma)
• Operator: shift, group, age, experience, skill etc
• Machine: machines, equipments, tools, instruments etc.
• Material: manufacturer, plant, lot, kind etc
• Process: conditions, orders, arrangements,methods etc. 11
 Hints on Making Pareto Diagrams
1. Check various classifications and construct many kinds of
Pareto diagrams.ivaiBanna vagaI-krNaaoM kao caok kroM AaOr
ivaiBanna p`kar ko proTao ica~ banaae
Essence of a problem can be grasped by observing it from various angles.
samasyaa ka inaYkYa- k[- trh kaoNa banaakr inarIxaNa krnao ko
pScaat samaJanao yaaogya haogao .
2. It is undesirable that “others” represents a higher percentage
Anya fo@T-sa ka p`itSat jyaada nahI haonaa caaihe .
A different method of classification should be considered.
EaoNaIivaBaajana ko ilae ek Alaga trh ka tirka [stomaala maoM
laanaa haogaa .
3. It is best to draw Pareto diagrams by assigning monetary value
Cost is an important scale of measurement in management. If financial
implications of a problem are not properly appreciated, the research
12
 Hints on Using Pareto Diagrams
1. If an item is expected to be amenable to a simple solution, it
should be tackled right away even if it is of relatively small
importance. yaid iksaI caIja kao p`a^balama ko
haonao ilae ]<ardayaI samaJaa jaayao tao ]sa
pr ]saI samaya Qyaana donaa caaihe Balao hI ]saka
mah%va qaaoD,a haoM .
It will serve as an example of efficient problem solving, and the
experience, information and incentives to morale obtained through
this will be of great assets for future problem solving. yah
p`aobalama saaolaivaMga ko ilae ek saxama ]dahrNa ka kaya-
krogaa AaOMr [sasao p`aPt AnauBava, &ana va maanaisakta
maoM sauQaar BaivaYya maoM p`aobalama saaolaivaMga ko
ilae mahana inaiQa haogaI .
2. Do not fail to make Pareto diagram by causes. karNaaoM
ko ihsaaba sao proTao Da^yagaa`ma banaanaa mat
BaUlaoM .
After identifying the problem by making a Pareto diagram by
phenomenon, it is necessary to identify the causes in order to solve
 Cause & Effect Diagram
@yaa : yah ek graphic trIka hO p`Baava AaOr karNa ko haonao ko
sambanQaaoM kao dSaa-ta hO .
@yaao : p`ik`yaaAaoM kao p`Baaivat krnao ko karNaaoM kao
phcaanata hO.
• Graph kI saamaanya samasyaaAaoM samaJanao maoM madd krta
hO.
• Subjective fOsalao Apnaakr GaTnaaAaoM kao kma krnao maoM
madd krta hO.
kba : saBaI samBaaivat samasyaaAaoM ko karNaaoM kao do#ata
hO .
kOsao : samasyaaAao AaOr p`Baavaao kao saaf - saaf spYT kroM.
• idmaaga lagaakr samasyaaAaoM ko samBaaivat karNaaoM kao ]14
 Cause and Effect Diagram
Medical charts
People
Shortage of hard to tell apart
numbers
Reception
Nurses
work
Inexperience
Patients Many charts to input Long waiting
Two or more booked time after
in at same time completion of
ultrasonic scan
Busy
Charts from all
Many patients departments Record
come together findings
Reception Test
Rooms Handling
Computer
Data input
terminal Far away Calculation
slow takes time
of bill
Charts all
Environment Methods returned together
 Hints on Making Cause and Effect Diagrams

•Identify all the relevant factors through examination and

discussion by many people. jaa^ca krkr AaOr laaogaaoM
maoM ivacaar ivamaSa- kr ko saBaI saMbaiQat fO@Tsa- kI
phcaana kroM .
•Express the characteristic as concretely as possible. laxNaaoM
kao ijatnaa yaqaaqa- $p sao p`diSa-t kr sakoM, kroM
•Make the same number of cause and effect diagrams as that of
characteristics. ijatnao laxaNa hao ]tnao hI cause and effect
diagram banaaeoM .

•Choose a measurable characteristic and factors. tulnaIya

laxNaaoM AaOr karkaoM kao caunaoM . 16
 Hints on Using Cause and Effect Diagrams

• Assign an importance to each factor objectively on the basis of data . p`

%yaok karNa kao Da^MTa ko AaQaar pr mah%va doM .
Examination of factors on the basis of your own skill and experience is important, but it is
dangerous to give importance to them through subjective perceptions or impressions alone
(would have been solved by now if so). Assigning importance to factors objectively using
data is both more scientific and more logical . kovala kuSalata AaOr AnauBava
ko AaQaar pr mah%va donaa #atrnaak hOM . kuSalata AaOr
AnauBava ko saaqa Da^Ta ka ]pyaaoga krnaa AiQak Scientific
AaOr logical(tk-saMgat) hOM .
kaja
• Try to improve the cause and effect diagram continuously while using it .
eND [fo@T Da^Myagaa`ma kao ]pyaaoga maoM laato samaya
lagaatar [sao sauQaarnao kI kaoiSaSa kroM .
Actually using a cause and effect diagram will help in seeing those parts which need to be
checked, deleted or modified.This will be useful in solving problems, and at the same time,
will help improve your own skill and to increase your technological knowledge . vastut:
ka^Mja eND, [fo@T Da^yagaa`ma ]na paT-sa kI ijanhoM caok 17
 Pareto Diagrams and Cause and
Effect diagrams-combination
Case Study:

1. Selection of Problems( samasyaa kao phcaananaa )

This is an example illustrating the examination of non – conformity in a
manufacturing process by the use of a Pareto diagram. When data on non-
conformity collected on two months was classified by non-conforming items, it
was found that dimensional defectives were largest in number, constituting 48
percent of the total non-conformance. We therefore tried to reduce the number
P`aaobalama ka
of non-conformity with stress on dimensional defectives.
yah caunaava maOnyaufO@cairMga p`aosaosa maoM naa^na -
knaf^rimaTI kI jaa^ca kao proTao Da^yagaa`ma sao samaJaanao
ka ]dahrNa hOM . jaba dao mahInaaoM ko naa^na - knaf^rimaTI
ko DaTa kao naa^na - knaf^rimaTI Aa[Tma\sa ko Anausaar vagaI-
krt krnao pr yah payaa gayaa ik saM#yaaAaoM maoM
18
Case Study… contd.
June 1-July 31
100
A: Dimensional
150
defectives
75
B: Pinholes
100
50
C: Scratches
50 25 D: Cracks
E: Distortion
A B C D E Others

Pareto Diagram of Non-conformance Items

19
 Case Study… contd.
2. Analysis and Countermeasures(ivaSlaoYaNa AaOr ]paya-yaui@t)
All the shop members discussed the causes of the dimensional variation and constructed a cause
and effect diagram.A Pareto diagram by causes was then made by investigating all the units with
dimensional variation in order to examine to what extent these factors were affecting the non -
conformance. With some items, it was impossible to clarify the causes of non-conformance, and
these were lumped together under the heading “Unclear”. We discovered from the Pareto
diagram that the occurrence of the defect was greatly affected by the fitting position. Although
the fitting position had been stipulated by the traditional operational standard, the standard fitting
method was not shown. This led variation in the fitting position, and resulted into dimensional
defectives. The shop members therefore designed a suitable fitting method, which was further
Saa^p ko saBaI sadsyaao nao
standardized and added to the operational standards .
Da^[maoMnSala ]tar - caZ,ava (variation) ko karNaaoM pr ivacaar -
ivamaSa- krko (vagaI-krNa) proTao Da^yagaa`ma kao banaayaa . kuC naa^na
- knaf^rmaoMnsa ko kuC karNaaoM ka AcCI trh spYTIkrNa nahIM hao payaa
[nhoM “Unclear” hoiD,ga maoM r#aa gayaa . proTao Da^yagaa`ma sao hmanao
yah payaa ik “iDfo@T” kI ]<pit sabasao jyaada “ifiTMga paoijaSana” sao
p`Baaivat haotI hOM . ha^laaik “ifiTMga paoijaSana” mao calao Aa rho 20
 Case Study… contd.
People
Machine
Stability
Illness Concentration
Health Operation
Spirit Imbalance
Illness Part Deformation
Education Attentiveness
Skills Jigs & Tools
Inspection
Training Inexperience Item Method Abrasion Dimensional
Component Variation
Shape Position
Quality of Degree of
material Form tightening Fitting Material
Angle
Dimension Setting Procedure
Storage
Diameter Working
Order
Speed
Parts & Materials Methods

21
 Case Study… contd.
June 1-July 31
100

80

70 75

60
V: Fitting position
50
50
40 W: Working speed
30 X: Components
25
20
Y: Abrasion of jigs & tools
10
Z: Shape of parts
Others
V W X Y Z
Unclear

Pareto Diagram by causes

22
 Case Study… contd.
3. Effects of Improvements (pirNaama va sauQaar)
After the improvement was carried out, data was collected,
and a Pareto diagram was made to compare the results. The
following two Pareto diagrams clearly show that dimensional
defectives were reduced. sauQaar krnao ko baad Aa^kD,o
[@T\zo ike gae AaOr ]nako natIjaaoM kI tulanaa ko ilae
dao proTao Da^yagaa`ma banaaeM gae . naIcao ide gae
daonaao proTao ica~ yah p`diSa-t krto hOM ik Da[-
maonsanala iDfo@T\sa kma hao gae hOM .
23
 Case Study… contd.
June 1-July 31
100

150
Total effect
75
Sept. 1-Oct. 31
100 100 100
50

75
50 25 50 Effect
50

25

A B C D E Others C B A D E Others
Comparison of Pareto Diagrams Before and After Improvement
24
 Stratification

@yaa : Stratification maUlyaaoM AaOr nambaraoM kao tk-yau@t

EaONaIyaaoM yaa vagaI-krNa maoM Break Down krnao maoM
saaM#yaaikya trIka hO .
@yaao : sauQaar kI ik`yaaAaoM pr faoksa yaa mau#ya karNa
phcaananao ko ilae .
kba : proSaanaI ko karNa kao phcaanaa yaid vao ivaiSaYT s~aot
sao hao.
• mau#ya karNaaoM ka Anya yan~ klaaAaoM ko saaqa ivaSlaoYNa
krnaa jaOsao ik Pareto Diagram, Histogram AaOr Graph .
kOsao : Data ko s~aot ko AaQaar pr vaastivak Data kao daobaara25
 Stratification ……..contd...

Viscosity
Viscosity

Impurity Amount Impurity Amount

Before Stratification After Stratification

26
 Scatter Diagram
What @yaa :
A tool used to study the possible relationship between two variables. (Scatter
Diagram ka p`yaaoga dao AisqartaAaoM ko baIca samBaaivat
sambanQaaoM ko AQyayana ka ek yan~ hO. )
Why @yaao :
To test for possible causes and effect relationships. Though it cannot prove
that one variable causes the other, the diagram does make it clear whether a
relationship exists and shows the strength of that relationship. ( samBaaivat
karNaaoM AaOr p`BaavaaoM ko sambanQaaoM ka prIxaNa krnao
ka ilae. yaVip yah Anya Aisqar karNaaoM kao p`Baaivat nahIM
krta, Diagram yah saaf krta hO ik @yaa sambanQa hO AaOr ]sa
sambanQaaoM maoM iktnaI Sai@t hO .)
When kba :
There is a need to display what happens to one variable when another one
changes in order to test that the two variables are related. vahaM [sakao p`d-
27
 Scatter Diagram…..contd.

: kOsao : sambainQat Data ko 50 sao 100 jaaoDo, [@T\za kro.

• ek Data sheet banaaeMoM .
• Diagram kao horizontal AaOr vertical QaurI pr #aIcaoM .
• QauiryaaoM kao barabar kroM .
•“karNa” kao AamataOr pr horizontal QaurI pr AaOr “p`Baava” variable kao
vertical QaurI pr banaayaa jaata hO .
kao diagram pr banaae, yaid value repeat hao tao ]na ibanduAaoM
• Data
kao gaaola kroM .

28
 Notes on Correlation Analysis
1. Coordinate Axes (@vaaiD-naoT ei@sasa)

Effect of choosing scale of axes ei@sasa ko skola cuananao

pr p`Baava .
2. Stratification: (sT/a^iTifkoSana)

DaTa kao
Stratify the data and then see the correlation
sT/a^iTfa[- krao AaOr AapsaI sah - saMbaQa kao
do#aaoM .
3. Range of variables (vaOrIebaolsa kI rOnja)
Select range of variables carefully as it affects correlation 29
 Notes on Correlation Analysis
4. False Correlation:
According to a certain survey, there was a strong positive correlation between the consumer
price index and the number of incidents of fire. If so, then, if consumer price index lowers,
will there be indeed fewer fire emergencies? The answer is most likely “ No ”. In order to
reduce the incidence of fires, we would stress the importance of cleaning-up of ashtrays and
not to discard any trash that would bring upon incendiary. In this way, when calculating a
correlation coefficient between two variables, it is sometimes found,by chance,there is a high
value of correlation coefficient between the two variables which originally have little or no
cause and effect relationship to each other. This sort of correlation is called False correlation.
Even if the correlation coefficient is high, it does not necessarily indicate a cause and effect
relationship. It is necessary to take good note of this fact, and to think about its meaning in
science and technology. kuCek savaao- ko Anuasaar,yah payaa gayaa hOM ik
knjayaUmar p`a[-ja [nDo@sa AaOr Aaga kI hu[- GaTnaaAaoM ka
Qanaa<mak p@ka kaoirlaoSana qaa. Agar eosaa hOM tao @yaa yaid
knjayaUmar maUlya GaTta hOM tao @yaa vaastva maoM vaha^ pr Aaga
kI GaTnaa kma sao kma haotI hO. [saka ]<ar lagaBaga“naa” hOM. Aaga kI
GaTnaaAaoM kao kma krnao ko ilae hmao esT/o kI saaf safa[- pr
p`aqaimakta AaOMr iksaI BaI p`kar kI icangaarI pOda haonao kI
samBaavanaa kI raokqaama krnaI caaihe. [sa p`kar jaba hma dao
vaorIebalsa ko kaorIlaoSana ka^ifiSaenT kI gaNanaa krto hOM tao kBaI
30
 Regression Analysis
Estimating the exact relationship between dependent
and independent variables (iDponD\e^nT AaOr [na\
iDponD\e^nT vaoire^bala ko baIca zIk-zIk sambanQa ka
Anaumaana lagaae) y
Line of best fit joining data points on
a scatter diagram is a regression line
having equation y=a+bx
where y is dependent
variable, x is independent variable, a
is a constant and b is regression
coefficient x
31
 Regression Analysis
Calculations:
1. Calculate x and y
2. Calculate S(xx) and S(xy)
3. Calculate b
b=S(xy)/S(xx)
4. Calculate a
a=y-b x
Then, equation of line is y=a+bx
Note: For both Correlation and Regression Analysis,
draw scatter diagram first ( ka^irlaoSana\ AaOr
irga`oSana\ ko ilae phlao skIMTr Da^yaga`ama
32
 Histogram
What:
A bar chart that displays the variation within the process. Also called a frequency
distribution because the frequency of occurrence of any given value is represented
by the height of the bars. yah ek baar caaT- haota hOM jaao ik
p`aosaosa ko Andr ko ]tar-caZava kao id#aata hOM . yah AavaRit
ka k`ma BaI khlaata hOM @yaaoMik iksaI maUlya kI
saM#yaaAaoM kao ]sa baar kI }^caa[- sao p`diSa-t krto hOM .
Why:
•Allows one to quickly visualize what’s going on within a large amount of data.
•Provides clues to causes of problems.
•Maybe be used to show the relationship between the engineering tolerance and
the capabilities of the process.bahut saaro DaTa ko Andr @yaa hao rha
hOM ]sao turnt id#aa dota hOM . P`aaobalamsa ko karkaoM ka
saMkot dota hOM . [MjaIinayairMga Taolaronsa AaOr p`aosaosa 33
kI
 Histogram
When:
•Capability studies are being performed. kopoibalTI kI jaa^ca krnaI haoM .
•Analyzing the quality of incoming material.Aanao vaalao maOTIrIyala kI
jaa^ca krnaI haoM .
•Understanding population at a glance.iksaI pa^PyaUlaoSana kao
samaJaanaa haoM .
How:
•Collect measurements(variable data)from a process or key characteristic.
P`aaosaosa
ko maUlyaaoM (saM#yaa) kao ek~ kraoM .
•Thirty or more measurements are preferred. 30 yaa AiQak maap caaihe
haoto hOM .
•Construct check sheet to record the data DaTa kao irkaD- krnao ko ilae caok
SaIT kao banaaAaoM .
•Find the range by subtracting the smallest measurements from the largest. 34
 Histogram…..how…….contd..

Observations No. of classes(K)

25 to 50 5 to 8
51 to 100 6 to 11
101 to 250 9 to 13
251 and over 11 to 15

K=R/h +1 (R = Range)
Select h such that K is between 5~8 or …..
•Construct a frequency table by properly making class boundaries.
Tally the number of observations found in each class. @laa^sa
baa^]nDrIja
kao Qyaana maoM r#akr ek f`I@vaonsaI banaaAaoM . hrok
35
 Histogram…...How…….contd..

Class Class limits Tally Number of observations

1 0.51 to 5.50 IIII IIII 10
2 5.51 to 10.50 IIII IIII IIII IIII 20
3 10.51 to 15.50 IIII IIII IIII IIII IIII 25
4 15.51 to 20.50 IIII IIII IIII IIII 20
5 20.51 25.50 IIII IIII IIII 15
6 25.51 to 30 .50 IIII IIII 10

•Taking the class interval on horizontal axis, draw the height of the
bar corresponding to frequencies in interval on the vertical axis.
vaga- Antrala kao satIja ro#aa pr lao kr frequency kao lamba $pIya
dND maoM dSaa-naa .
36
Histogram…...How…contd..

25

20

15

10

0.55 5.5 10.5 15.5 20.5 25.5 30.5

37
 Types of Histogram

General Type Comb Type Positively Skew Type

Isolated Peak
Type
Left-hand Plateau Type Twin Peak Type
Precipice Type

38
 READING HISTOGRAMS
A. General Type saamaanya Aakar :- Shape symmetrical (Bell shaped) (GaMTakar)
If your vendor has less variability but centre is shifting you can help him to do right setting . yaid
Aap ka vaonDr kma ]tar-caZ,ava r#ata hOM laoikna saonTr ( kond` ) sao
ivasqaaipt hOM tao Aap ]sao sahI saoiTMga krnao maoM madd\ kr sakto
hOM .
B. Bimodal or Twin Peak Type dao caaoTI Aakar :- Two Distributions with widely
different mean values mixed.
dao iDsT/IbyauSansa (ivatrNa) ijanakI AaOsat
vaOlyaU kafI Alaga hOM, kao imalaa idyaa gayaa hOM (two different lot)
C. Comb Type Multimodel kMGaI ko Aakar ka :- Number of units of data
included in class varies from class to class. Rounding off. Incorrect least count of measurement system .
Alaga –Alaga EaONaIyaaoM maoM Alaga –Alaga maanak [stomaala ike
hOM. yaa raM}nDoD Aa^f kr dI ga[-a hOM. maojarmaoMnT isasTma ka
lease count zIk nahI hOM .
D. Positive Skew Qanaa%mak ToZ,a Aakar :- Occurs when lower limit is
controlled either theoretically or by specification value or when values lower than certain value do not
occur. yah tba ]<pnna haota hOM jaba laaoAr ilaimaT kao yaa tao isaWant
$p sao yaa sposaIifkoSana kI vaOlyaU kao kma kr idyaa gayaa hao yaa
iksaI inaiScat vaOlyaU sao kma kI vaOlyaU na AatI haMo .
E. Left Hand Precipice Type krara baa^yaa pxa Aakar :- 100% screening has
been done because of low process capability or when positive skew ness becomes more extreme . (Check
your vendor if in receipt supply having such pattern)p`aosaosa kOpoibalaTI ko kma haonao
kI vajah sao 100% C^MTa[- kI ga[- hao yaa bahut jyaada Qanaa%mak
ToZ,apna (positive skewness) hOM . yaid irisaPT saPlaa[- maoM eosaa pOT-
na imalata hOM tao vaonDr kI jaa^ca krnaI caaihe .
 EXERCISE
 
Given below are 100 observations taken in microns of the surface finish of 100 machined
tubes. naIcaoM maSaIinaMga ikyao gayao 100 T\yaubaao ko sarfosa
ifinaSa ko inarIxaNaaoM kao maa[k`aona maoM dSaa-yaa gayaa hOM .
 
24 33 19 19 21
24 24 12 20 27
28 15 23 23 21
23 27 27 27 25
24 27 31 16 20
23 27 24 27 30
27 15 16 17 22
27 24 19 31 23
29 31 24 21 22
24 32 20 27 20
19 15 19 22 29
19 27 27 19 27
31 17 21 20 20
12 23 27 24 25
29 19 23 21 31
15 23 27 24 24
23 16 27 20 21
15 32 23 27 24
34 23 19 22 30
25 24 20 16 27
 
Prepare Frequency table, plot histogram. f`I@vaonsaI Tobala AaOMr
 Normal Distribution
f(x)

•Frequency is the highest in the middle and becomes gradually lower

towards the tail.baIca maoM f`I@vaonsaI jyaada hOM AaOMr
pU^MC kI trf kma haotI jaatI hOM .
•It is symmetrical yah sama$p hOM [sao N ( sao p`diSI-t krto
hOM .
 Graphs
Graphs are among the simplest and best techniques to analyze and display data for easy
communication. gaa`f iksaI Aasaana saUcanaa ko ilae data ivaSlaoYaNa
AaOr p`diSa-t krnao ka sabasao
sarla AaOr AcCa trIka hOM .
Various types of graphs generally used are shown below which are self explanatory .
saaQaarNatyaa ivaiBanna
Bar chart trh ko [stomaala ike gaechart
Trend gaa`f naIcao id#aae
gae hOM, jaao svayaM vyaa#yaa krto hOM .
Year Rej Cost Month Rej
R e j. c o s t

Rejection %age
1996
80 50 Apr 0.8 0.2
1997
60 45 May 0.6 0.6
1998 70 Jun 0.4 0.2 Rej
40
Jul 0.2
20 0.2
Aug 0.15
0 0
Sep 0.2
1996 1997 1998 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep
Year Month

42
 Graphs…contd
Pie-chart POWEROTHERS
RBS STRG.
STRG. 5.56%
ASSY.
4.92%
10.83%

R&P ASSY.
AXLE ASSY. 17.62%
28.67%

PROP.SHAFT
COLUMN
ASSY.
ASSY.
6.15%
26.25
43
Control Charts (knT/aola caaT-)
@yaa : A control chart is a line graph used to display variation on time ordered fashion. A
centerline and control limits are placed on the graph to help analyse the pattern of the data.
knT/aola caaT- ek Aalao#a hO . ijasa maoM hma k`mabaMQa
ivaiBannataAaoM ka p`dSa-na krto hO . [sakI koind`ya ro#aa AaOr
inaya%Na- saImaa hmaoM [sa ivaiQa ko ivaSlaoYaNa maoM
sahayata dotI hO .
@yaao : To separate common causes from special causes of variation. Aama
karNaaoM sao ivaiBannata ko ivaSaoYa karNaaoM sao Alaga krnaa.
•To help assign causes of variation. ivaiBannata ko karNaao ka maanak $p
do#anaa .
kba : Measuring control characteristics. inayan~Na ivaSaoYataAaoM kao
maapnaa .
kOsao : Define process parameter to be measured. maapdND ko maa~k kI
pirBaaYaa .
• Define wherein the process the control characteristics will be measured. yah batanaa kI
inayaM~Na ivaSaoYataeM iksa ivaiQa maoM maapI jaaegaI . 44
 Control Charts……contd..

•Chance Cause
•Assignable Cause
•Upper Control Limit
•Lower Control Limit
•Upper Specification Limit
•Lower Specification Limit

45
 Control Charts……contd..
•gaa`f pr maap banaaeM . Plot measurement on graph
•ibanduAaoM kao imalaaeM . Connect dots
•ja$rI karNaaoM kI Aisqarta ko trIko ka ivaSlaoYaNa kroM . Analyze pattern for
special cause of variation
50
x – R Chart: UCL ( x + A2R )
40

x
30 x
20
LCL ( x - A2R )
0

60
UCL ( D4 R )
40
R R
20

LCL ( D3 R )
46
 Coefficients for x-R Charts
Size of Sub-group X-Chart R Chart R Chart R Chart

n A2 D3 D4 d2
2 1.880 - 3.267 1.128
3 1.023 - 2.575 1.693
4 0.729 - 2.282 2.059
5 0.577 - 2.115 2.326
6 0.483 - 2.004 2.534

47
 Control Charts……contd..
Other Charts:
pn Chart Number of Defective (iDfo@T\sa kI
saM#yaa)
p Chart Fraction Defective (iDfo@T\sa Baaga)

c Chart No. of Defects on a fixed sized Product

(inaiScat saa[-ja ko p`aoD@T maoM
iDfo@T\sa kI saM#yaa)

u Chart No. of Defects on a varying sized product

(AinaiScat saa[-ja ko p`aoD@T maoM 48
 How to Read Control Charts(kMT/aola caaT\-sa
kao kOsao pZ,oM)
1. Out of Control Limits(kMT/aola ilaimaT ko baahr): Points
outside the limits
2. Run (rna) : Continuously on one side of center line(maQya laa[-na
sao lagaatar
ek trf)
• Seven-Point length of run is abnormal (ivaYamata)
• 10 Out of 11 consecutive (lagaatar) points on one side
• 12 Out of 14 consecutive (lagaatar) points on one side
• 16 Out of 20 consecutive (lagaatar) points on one side

3. Trend (Jaukava): Continuous upward or downward curve. lagaatar

49
baZ,ta yaa GaTta kva- (Gaumaava)
 How to Read Control Charts
4. Approach to the Control Limits
• Two out of three points occur outside of 2 - sigma limits is abnormal.
3 maoM sao 2 Pvaa[nTao ka dao isagamaa ilaimaT sao
baahr haonaa ivaYamata hOM .
5. Approach to the Center Line
• When most of the points are within central 1.5 - sigma lines, this is
also abnormal. It indicates mixing odd data in sub-groups. jaba
lagaBaga saBaI Pvaa[nTsa ka maQya 1.5 isagamaa haoM
tao yah BaI ivaYamata hOM . yah saba ga`uPsa maoM
odd (AsaMgat ) DaTa ko ima@sa hao jaanao kao dSaa-ta
hOM .
6. Periodicity inaiScat samaya kala
• When the curve repeatedly shows an up and down trend for almost
same interval, this is also abnormal. yaid kva- ka ]tar caZ,ava
lagaBaga inaiScat samaya pr hao rha hao tao yah BaI ek 50