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CH9 1 Solutions GOB Structures 5th Ed

Solutions

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32 views19 pages

CH9 1 Solutions GOB Structures 5th Ed

Solutions

Uploaded by

Alice C. Rivera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture Presentation

Chapter 9

Solutions

Karen C. Timberlake
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chapter 9 Solutions

A dialysis nurse informs


Michelle that
• her side effects are due to
her body’s inability to
regulate the amount of
water in her cells.
• the amount of water in her
body fluids is regulated by
the concentration of
electrolytes and the rate at
which waste products are
removed from her body.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Chapter 9 Readiness

Key Math Skills


• Calculating a Percentage (1.4C)
• Solving Equations (1.4D)
• Interpreting a Line Graph (1.4E)
Core Chemistry Skills
• Writing Conversion Factors from Conversion
Equalities (2.5)
• Using Conversion Factors (2.6)
• Identifying Attractive Forces (6.8)
• Using Mole–Mole Factors (7.6)

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
9.1 Solutions

Solutions
• are homogeneous mixtures of
two or more substances.
• form when there is sufficient
attraction between the solute and
solvent molecules.
• have two components: the
solvent, present in a larger
amount, and the solute, present
in a smaller amount.

Learning Goal Identify the solute and solvent in a solution;


describe the formation of a solution.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solutes

Solutes
• may be a liquid, gas, or solid.
• are spread evenly throughout the solution.
• mix with solvents so the solute and solvent
have the same physical state.
• cannot be separated by filtration, but they can
be separated by evaporation.
• are not visible, but they can give a color to the
solution.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solutes

A solution of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4) forms as particles of


solute dissolve and become evenly dispersed among the solvent
(water) molecules.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Types of Solutes and Solvents

Solutes and solvents may be solids, liquids, or gases.


General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Water as a Solvent

Water
• is one of the most common solvents in nature.
• is a polar molecule due to polar O–H bonds.
• molecules form hydrogen bonds important in many biological
compounds.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Formation of Solutions

Solutions form when the


solute–solvent
interactions are large
enough to overcome the
solute–solute
interactions and the
solvent–solvent
interactions.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solutions, Like Dissolves Like

Solutions will form when the solute and solvent have


similar polarities: “like dissolves like.”

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solutions with Ionic Solutes

NaCl crystals undergo


hydration as water molecules
surround each ion and pull it
into solution.

H2O(l)
NaCl(s) → Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
solid separate ions

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solutions with Polar Solutes

A polar molecular compound such as methanol,


CH3—OH, is soluble in water because methanol has
a polar –OH group to form hydrogen bonds with water.

Polar solutes require polar solvents for a solution


to form.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solutions with Nonpolar Solutes

Compounds containing nonpolar molecules, such as


iodine (I2), oil, or grease, do not dissolve in water
because there are essentially no attractions between
the particles of a nonpolar solute and the polar
solvent.

Nonpolar solutes require nonpolar solvents for a


solution to form.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check

Identify the solute in each of the following


solutions.
A. 2 g of sugar and 100 mL of water
B. 60.0 mL of ethyl alcohol and 30.0 mL of
methyl alcohol
C. 55.0 mL of water and 1.50 g of NaCl
D. Air: 200 mL of O2 and 800 mL of N2

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution

Identify the solute in each of the following solutions.


A. 2 g of sugar and 100 mL of water
The solute is sugar.
B. 60.0 mL of ethyl alcohol and 30.0 mL of methyl alcohol
The solute is methyl alcohol.
C. 55.0 mL of water and 1.50 g of NaCl
The solute is NaCl.
D. Air: 200 mL of O2 and 800 mL of N2
The solute is O2.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check

When solid LiCl is added to water it dissolves because


A. the Li+ ions are attracted to the
1) oxygen atom ( −) of water.
2) hydrogen atom ( +) of water.
B. the Cl− ions are attracted to the
1) oxygen atom ( −) of water.
2) hydrogen atom ( +) of water.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution

When solid LiCl is added to water it dissolves because


A. the Li+ ions are attracted to the
1) oxygen atom (σ −) of water.

B. the Cl− ions are attracted to the


2) hydrogen atom (σ +) of water.

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check

Which of the following solutes will dissolve in water?


Why?
A. Na2SO4
B. gasoline (nonpolar)
C. I2
D. HCl

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution

Which of the following solutes will dissolve in water?


Why?

Water is a polar solvent that can dissolve ionic and polar


substances but not nonpolar solutes.
A. Na2SO4 will dissolve, ionic
B. gasoline (nonpolar) will not dissolve, nonpolar
C. I2 will not dissolve, nonpolar
D. HCl will dissolve, polar

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake

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