Water Resource Engineering II
CE-421
Dr. M R Kabir
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Daffodil International University
About Courses
Course Name: Water Resource Engineering II
Course Code: CE 421
Credits: 3 (Three)
No. of Class Per Week: 3 (Three)
Marks Distribution:
Attendance = 7%
Class Test = 15%
Assignment = 5%
Presentation = 8%
Mid Term Exam = 25%
Final Term Exam. = 40%
Total = 100%
Reference Books
1. Open Channel Hydraulics by Ven Te Chow
2. Open Channel Flow by Md. Abdul Halim
3. Open Channel Flow by Madan Mohan Das
4. Flow in Open Channels by K Subramanya
Course Content
Open Channel Flow and its classification, velocity and
pressure distribution, energy equation, specific energy
and transition problems, critical flow and control,
principles of flow measurement and devices, concept
of uniform flow, Chezy's and Manning’s equation,
estimation of resistance coefficients and computation
of uniform flow, momentum equation and specific
momentum, hydraulic jump theory and analysis of
gradually varied flow, computation of flow profiles
and Design of channels.
Objectives
To understand the basic concepts of open channel
flow.
To solve open channel flow problems through the
selection and application of proper equations.
To explain physical characteristics of hydraulic jumps
surges and critical, uniform and gradually varied flow.
To apply mathematical relationships for hydraulic
jumps, surges and critical, uniform and gradually
varied flows.
To design open channel by determining their cross
sections.
Introduction
Open Channel Flow is defined as fluid flow with a free
surface open to the atmosphere. Examples include streams,
rivers and culverts not flowing full. Open channel flow
assumes that the pressure at the surface is constant and the
hydraulic grade line is at the surface of the fluid.
What are the open channel flow and types of flow?
The flow of liquid through the open channel can be of several
types like steady and unsteady flow, laminar or turbulent flow
or uniform or non-uniform flow and finally sub-critical, critical
and supercritical flow.
Why open channel flow is important?
In an open channel flow, the free surface allows surface waves
to move along the water surface. These waves have an
associated velocity field and so may induce velocity
fluctuations at the channel bottom, which in turn may influence
the bottom stress.
Examples of Open Channel Flow
1. Flow in natural rivers, streams and drains
2. Flow in Irrigation Canal
3. Flow in Sewers
4. Flow in culverts with a free surface
5. Flow in pipes not running full
6. Flow over streets after heavy rainfall
Open Channel Flow and Pipe Flow to
show the basic differences
Difference in Open Channel Flow and
Pipe Flow
Pipe Flow Open Channel Flow
The height of Total Energy Line (TEL) The height of TEL from datum is ( z +
from datum (z+p/w + v2/2g) y + v2/2g )
Liquid runs full, no free surface Open channel flow has the free surface
Flow takes place under pressure Flow takes place due to component of
gravity force in the flow direction
Analysis of flow becomes simpler than Analysis is complicated due to non-
open channel flow due to uniform uniform cross-section, bed slope and
cross-section roughness
Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) is at a HGL coincides with free surface and is
height of (p/w + z) above the datum at a height of ( z + y )
Surface tension force is dominant if Surface tension is negligible, only
diameter is small considered at a very low depth
Types of Open Channel
On the basis of whether the canal is man made:
Natural Canal:- all rivers and streams
Artificial channel:- irrigation canals, drains, sewers and
culvert.
Based on the shape of the channel
Rectangular trapezoidalTriangular
Parabolic Exponential Circular
Wide rectangular CompoundNatural
Based on boundary characteristics
Rigid Boundary Mobile Boundary
Based on cross section and slope
Prismatic: cross-section and slope remain constant in the
reach
Non-prismatic: when cross-section and slope vary with
space and time
Geometric and Flow Parameters of
Channel Flow
Prismatic Channels:
Depth of flow, h= vertical distance between the water surface and the bed.
Depth, d = is the distance of the water surface perpendicular to the bed of the channel.
Flow Area, A Wetted Perimeter, P
Top width, B Hydraulic radius, R = A/P
Hydraulic depth, D = A/B
Wide Channel: When the width of a rectangular
channel is very large compared to the depth, i.e. b>>h
(generally b>>10h), the channel is known as a wide
channel.
R=A/P=(bh)/(b+2h)=bh/b=h and
Discharge is expressed as q=Q/b (m3/s/m)
Non-prismatic Channels
Open channel flow with hydrostatic
pressure distribution
Types of Flow
Uniform flow: A flow, in which the velocities of
liquid particles at all sections of a pipe or channel are
equal, is called a uniform flow. This term is generally
applied to flow in channels.
Non-Uniform Flow: A flow, in which the velocities
of liquid particles at all sections of a pipe or channel
are not equal, is called a non-uniform flow.
Streamline flow: A flow, in which each liquid particle
has a definite path and the paths of individual particles
do not cross each other, is called a streamline flow. It
is also called a laminar flow.
Turbulent flow: A flow, in which each liquid particle
does not have a definite path and the paths of
individual particles also cross each other, is called a
turbulent flow.
Steady flow: A flow, in which the quantity of liquid flowing
per second is constant, is called a steady flow.
Unsteady flow: A flow, in which the quantity of liquid flowing
per second is not constant, is called a unsteady flow. A steady
flow may be uniform or non-uniform.
Compressible flow: A flow, in which the volume of a fluid
and its density changes during the flow, is called a
compressible flow. All the gases are, generally, considered to
have compressible flows.
Incompressible flow: A flow, in which the volume of the
flowing fluid and its density does not change during the flow, is
called an incompressible flow. All the liquids are, generally,
considered to have incompressible flow.
Rotational flow: A flow, in which the fluid particles also rotate
(i.e., have some angular velocity) about their own axes while
flowing, is called a rotational flow).
Irrotational flow: A flow, in which the fluid particles do not
rotate their own axes and retain their original orientations, is
called and irrotational flow.
Rigid and Mobile Boundary Channel
Based on Slope
Small Slope Channels
An open channel having a bottom slope of less than 1
in 10 is called a channel of small slope (Chow, 1959).
The slopes of ordinary channels, natural or artificial,
are far less than 1 in 10.
Large Slope Channels
An open channel having a bottom slope greater than 1
in 10 is called a channel of large slope (Chow, 1959).
Some artificial channels like drops and chutes have far
more than 1 in 10.
Types of Open Channel Flow
Types of Open Channel Flows
Based on variation with time t,
Steady Flow: Flow parameters do not change with
time.
∂Q/∂t=0, ∂V/∂t=0, ∂y/∂t=0
Unsteady Flow: Flow parameters change with time.
∂Q/∂t ≠ 0, ∂V/∂t ≠ 0, ∂y/∂t ≠ 0
Based on variation with space x,
Uniform flow: Flow parameters do not change with
space
∂Q/∂x=0,∂V/∂x=0, ∂y/∂x=0
Non-uniform flow: Flow parameters change with
space.
∂Q/∂x ≠ 0, ∂V/∂x ≠ 0, ∂y/∂x ≠ 0
Velocity Distribution in a open channel
Due to presence of free surface and friction along the channel
wall and bed, the distribution of velocity in the channel cross-
section is not uniform. Maximum velocity occur below free
surface at a distance of 0.05 to 0.25 of depth.
Mean velocity:
Velocity at 0.6d from the free surface
Average velocity of 0.2d and 0.8d
Velocity = kvs k is the coefficient varies from 0.8 to 0.95
Velocity Distribution coefficients
The actual velocity head is greater than the computed
value according to the expression V2/2g, where V is
the mean velocity. When the energy principle is used
in computation, the actual velocity head may be
expressed as
where is known as energy coefficient or Coriolis
coefficient. Values varies from 1.03 to 1.36
This nonuniform velocity distribution also affects the
computation of momentum in open channel flow.
Actual momentum of the liquid passing through
channel section per unit time is expressed by
