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Graphs

The document provides information about different types of graphs used to represent data distributions: histograms display frequency data using bars to represent class frequencies; frequency polygons use lines to connect plotted class midpoint frequencies; and ogives represent cumulative frequencies using bars. Examples of each graph type are given for temperature data from US states.

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Rengie Frasco Gomez
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
57 views

Graphs

The document provides information about different types of graphs used to represent data distributions: histograms display frequency data using bars to represent class frequencies; frequency polygons use lines to connect plotted class midpoint frequencies; and ogives represent cumulative frequencies using bars. Examples of each graph type are given for temperature data from US states.

Uploaded by

Rengie Frasco Gomez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Graphs:

histogram,
z
frequency
polygon and
ogive
RECALL
z
FROM THE PREVIOUS LESSON:

 HISTOGRAM – A graph that displays the


data by using contiguous vertical bars
(unless the frequency of a class is 0) of
various heights to represent the
frequencies of the classes.
X axis – class boundaries
Y axis – frequency
RECALL
z
FROM THE PREVIOUS LESSON:

 FREQUENCY POLYGON – A graph that


displays the data by using lines that connect
plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints
of the classes. The frequencies are
represented by the heights of the points.
X axis – class mark/midpoint
Y axis – frequency
RECALL
z
FROM THE PREVIOUS LESSON:

 OGIVE – A graph that represents the


cumulative frequencies for the classes
in a frequency distribution.
X axis – class boundaries
Y axis – cumulative frequency
Construct a histogram, frequency polygon and ogive for
z
the record high temperatures for each of the 50 states.
Histogram

The class with the greatest number of data values (18) is 109.5 – 114.5, followed by 13 for
114.5 – 119.5. The graph also has one peak with the data clustering around it.
Frequency Polygon
Ogive
When Distribution
one is describing data,Shapes
it is important to
be able to recognize the shapes of the distribution
values. A distribution can have many shapes, and
one method of analyzing a distribution is to draw
z
a histogram or frequency polygon for the
distribution. Distributions are most often not
perfectly shaped, so it is not necessary to have an
exact shape but rather to identify an overall
pattern.
Bell-shaped
distribution
z

It has a single peak


and tapers off at
either end. It is
approximately
symmetric; i.e., it is
roughly the same
on both sides of a
Uniform distribution
z

It is basically flat
or rectangular.
J-shaped
distribution
z

It has a few data


values on the left
side and
increases as one
moves to the
Reverse
z
J-shaped distribution

It is the opposite
of the J-shaped
distribution.
Right-skewed shape
z

When the peak of a


distribution is to the left
and the data values taper
off to the right, a
distribution is said to be
positively or right-
Left-skewed shape
z

When the data


values are clustered
to the right and taper
off to the left, a
distribution is said to
be negatively or left-
Bimodal shape
z

Distributions with one peak are


said to be unimodal. The
highest peak of a distribution
indicates where the mode of the
data values is. The mode is the
data value that occurs more
often than any other data value.
When a distribution has two
peaks of the same height, it is
U- shape distribution
z

It is a binomial
distribution with
frequencies that steadily
fall and then steadily
rise. There is a higher
chance of a
measurement being
OTHER
z
TYPES OF
GRAPH
z

 When
Bar Graphs
the data are qualitative or
categorical, bar graphs can be used to
represent the data. A bar graph can be
drawn using either horizontal or vertical
bars.
 A bar graph represents the data by using
vertical or horizontal bars whose heights or
z

Steps:
 Draw and label the x and y axes. For the
horizontal bar graph place the frequency scale
on the x axis, and for the vertical bar graph
place the frequency scale on the y axis.
 Draw the bars corresponding to the frequencies.
z

Example
z

The graphs show that first-year college students spend the


most on electronic equipment including computers.
z

Pareto Charts
 When the variable displayed on the horizontal axis is
qualitative or categorical, a Pareto chart can also be used to
represent the data
 A Pareto chart is used to represent a frequency distribution
for a categorical variable, and the frequencies are displayed
by the heights of vertical bars, which are arranged in order
from highest to lowest.
z

Steps:
 Arrange the data from the largest to
smallest according to frequency.
 Draw and label the x and y axes.
Draw the bars corresponding to the
frequencies.
z

Example
z

The graph shows that the number of homeless people is about the same for
Atlanta and Chicago and a lot less for Baltimore and St. Louis.
z
Time Series Graph
 When data are collected over a period of
time, they can be represented by a time series
graph.
 A time series graph represents data that occur
over a specific period of time.
z

Steps:
 Draw and label the x and y axes.
 Label the x axis for years and the y axis for
the number.
 Plot each point according to the table.
 Draw line segments connecting adjacent
points. Do not try to fit a smooth curve
Example
z
z

There was a slight decrease in the years ’04, ’05, and ’06, compared to
’03, and again an increase in ’07. The largest decrease occurred in ’08.
z

Pie Graph
 Pie graphs are used extensively in statistics. The purpose of the
pie graph is to show the relationship of the parts to the whole
by visually comparing the sizes of the sections. Percentages or
proportions can be used. The variable is nominal or categorical.
 A pie graph is a circle that is divided into sections or wedges
according to the percentage of frequencies in each category of
the distribution.
z

Example
z
Steps
z
Steps
z
Steps
Step 3: Next, using a protractor and a compass, draw the graph using the
appropriate degree measures found in step 1, and label each section with the
name and percentages.
z

Let’s Try!
Construct
z
a vertical chart for the total number
of hurricanes by month from 1851 to 2008.

Months Number of
Hurricanes
May 18
June 79
July 101
August 344
September 459
October 280
November 61
Construct a Pareto chart for the following
data on exercise.

Exercises Calories burned per


minute
Walking, 2 mph 2.8
Bicycling, 5.5 mph 3.2
Golfing 5.0
Tennis playing 7.1
Skiing, 3 mph 9.0
Running, 7 mph 14.5
The safety record of U.S. airlines for 10 years is
shown. Construct a time series graph for the data.

Year Major Accidents


1997 2
1998 0
1999 2
2000 3
2001 1
2002 1
2003 2
2004 4
2005 2
2006 2
2007 0
In a recent survey, 3 in 10 people indicated
that they are likely to leave their jobs when the
economy improves. Of those surveyed, 34%
indicated that they would make a career
change, 29% want a new job in the same
industry, 21% are going to start a business,
and 16% are going to retire. Make a pie a
chart and pareto chart for the data. Which
chart do you think better represents the data?

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