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Science Project

1) Binoculars use either Galilean or Keplerian optics to magnify distant objects. Keplerian optics, using a convex objective lens and concave eyepiece, allows for higher magnification and an improved image. 2) Common prism designs for binoculars include Porro prisms and roof prisms, which erect the image and fold the optical path into a compact body. 3) Binoculars have various applications including general use, bird watching, hunting, military purposes, land surveys, and astronomy. Larger aperture binoculars are often used for astronomy to capture more light.

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188 views

Science Project

1) Binoculars use either Galilean or Keplerian optics to magnify distant objects. Keplerian optics, using a convex objective lens and concave eyepiece, allows for higher magnification and an improved image. 2) Common prism designs for binoculars include Porro prisms and roof prisms, which erect the image and fold the optical path into a compact body. 3) Binoculars have various applications including general use, bird watching, hunting, military purposes, land surveys, and astronomy. Larger aperture binoculars are often used for astronomy to capture more light.

Uploaded by

HXXZ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Science Project

Subject: Devices that help people


improve their eyesight

Name:Eunice Ching Sze Han


Class:3H
Content of Sceince Project Binoculars
The world first Binoculars ............. 2

Keplerian optics.................................. 2

Prism Design of Binoculars............ 3

Applications of Binoculars.............. 4
Binoculars
The world first Binoculars Almost from the invention of the telescope in the 17th
century the advantages of mounting two of them side by side for binocular vision seems
to have been explored. Most early binoculars used Galilean optics; that is, they used a
convex objective and a concave eyepiece lens. The Galilean design has the advantage of
presenting an erect image but has a narrow field of view and is not capable of very high
magnification. This type of construction is still used in very cheap models and in opera
glasses or theater glasses. The Galilean design is also used in low magnification
binocular surgical and jewelers' loupes because they can be very short and produce an
upright image without extra or unusual erecting optics, reducing expense and overall
weight. They also have large exit pupils, making centering less critical, and the narrow
field of view works well in those applications. These are typically mounted on an
eyeglass frame or custom-fit onto eyeglasses.
Keplerian optics
An improved image and higher magnification is achieved in binoculars
employing Keplerian optics, where the image formed by the objective lens is viewed
through a positive eyepiece lens (ocular). Since the Keplerian configuration produces
an inverted image, different methods are used to turn the image right way up.
Prism Design of Binoculars
Example of Binosulars that using Prism Design
Double Porro prism design

Porro prism binoculars are named after Italian optician Ignazio Porro,
who patented this image erecting system in 1854. This system was later
refined by other binocular makers, notably the Carl Zeiss company in the
1890s. Binoculars of this type use a pair of Porro prisms in a Z-shaped
configuration to erect the image. This results in binoculars that are wide,
with objective lenses that are well separated and offset from the
eyepieces, giving a better sensation of depth. Porro prism designs
have the added benefit of folding the optical path so that the physical
length of the binoculars is less than the focal length of the objective.
Porro prism binoculars were made in such a way to erect an image in a
small space, thus binoculars using prisms started in this way.
Abbe-Koenig "roof" prism
design

Binoculars using roof prisms may have appeared as early as


the 1870s in a design by Achille Victor Emile Daubresse. In
1897 Moritz Hensoldt began marketing roof prism
binoculars. Most roof prism binoculars use either the Abbe-
Koenig prism (named after Ernst Karl Abbe and Albert
Koenig and patented by Carl Zeiss in 1905) or the Schmidt-
Pechan prism (invented in 1899) designs to erect the image
and fold the optical path. They have objective lenses that are
approximately in a line with the eyepieces 。
Applications of Binoculars
General use
Hand-held binoculars range from small 3 × 10
Galilean opera glasses, used in theaters, to glasses
with 7 to 12 times magnification and 30 to 50 mm
diameter objectives for typical outdoor use.Many
tourist attractions have installed pedestal-mounted,
coin operated binoculars to allow visitors to obtain a
closer view of the attraction.

(Tower Optical coin-operated binoculars ）➡


Land surveys and geographic data
collection
Although technology has surpassed using binoculars for data
collection, historically these were advanced tools used by
geographers and other geoscientists. Field glasses still today can
provide visual aid when surveying large areas.
Hunting
Hunters commonly use binoculars in the
field as a way to observe distant game
animals. Hunters most commonly use 8x
binoculars with light transmission and
large enough objectives to gather light in
low light conditions.
Bird watching
Birdwatching is a very popular hobby among nature and animal lovers; a
binocular is their most basic tool because most human eyes cannot
resolve sufficient detail to fully appreciate and/or study small birds.
Typically binoculars with a magnification of 8x to 10x are used, though
many manufacturers produce models with 7x magnification for a wider
field of vision. The other main consideration for birdwatching binoculars
is the size of the objective that collects light. A larger (e.g. 40–45mm)
objective works better in low light and for seeing into foliage, but also
makes for a heavier binocular than a 30–35mm objective. Weight may
not seem a primary consideration when first hefting a pair of binoculars,
but birdwatching involves a lot of holding-up-in-place. Careful shopping
is advised by the birdwatching community.
Military
Binoculars have a long history of military use. Galilean designs were widely
used up to the end of the 19th century when they gave way to porro prism
types. Binoculars constructed for general military use tend to be more
rugged than their civilian counterparts. They generally avoid fragile center
focus arrangements in favor of independent focus, which also makes for
easier, more effective weatherproofing. Prism sets in military binoculars
may have redundant aluminized coatings on their prism sets to guarantee
they don't lose their reflective qualities if they get wet.
Astronomical
Binoculars are widely used by amateur astronomers; their wide field of
view makes them useful for comet and supernova seeking (giant
binoculars) and general observation (portable binoculars). Binoculars
specifically geared towards astronomical viewing will have larger
aperture objectives (in the 70 mm or 80 mm range) because the
diameter of the objective lens increases the total amount of light
captured, and therefore determines the faintest star that can be
observed. Binoculars designed specifically for astronomical viewing
(often 80 mm and larger) are sometimes designed without prisms in
order to allow maximum light transmission. Such binoculars also
usually have changeable eyepieces to vary magnification. Binoculars
with high magnification and heavy weight usually require some sort of
mount to stabilize the image. A magnification of 10x is generally
considered the practical limit for observation with handheld binoculars.
Binoculars more powerful than 15×70 require support of some type.
Much larger binoculars have been made by amateur telescope makers,
essentially using two refracting or reflecting astronomical telescopes
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