Review of

Related
Literature
 Doing a literature review

reports your critical review of the relevant

literature and
identifies gap within the literature that your
research will attempt to address
 Goals
1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body
of knowledge and establish credibility. A
good review increases a reader’s confidence in
the researcher’s professional competence,
ability and background.
2. To show the path of prior research and how a
current project is linked to it. A good review places
a research project in a context and demonstrates its
relevance by making connections to a body of
knowledge.
3. To integrate and summarize what is known
in an area. A good review points out areas
where prior studies agree, where they disagree
and where major questions remain. It also
indicates the directions for future research.
4. To learn from others and stimulate new
ideas. A good review identifies blind alleys
and suggests hypotheses for replication and
gain new insights.
 Importance of RRL

Through the RRL the research is able to

connect the past with the findings of the
present and shows the difference between
the data and information collected in the
present study.
GUIDELINES:
How to Evaluate Articles
1. Examine the title- A good title is specific,
indicates the nature of the research without
describing the results and avoids asking yes or no
questions.
2. Read the abstract. A good abstract summarizes
critical information about a study.
3. Read the article. You may begin by skimming the material and
quickly reading the conclusion.
Conditions that can affect or influence your reading:
 The article is high
 You are sharply focused on a particular issue or question
 You have a solid theoretical background
Sources for the Literature Review

“Sources” refers to print, electronic or visual materials necessary

for your research. It is classified into primary, secondary and
tertiary.
Examples of primary sources
• Letters, correspondences, diaries, memoirs, autobiographies,
official or research topics, patents and designs and empirical
research articles
Examples of secondary sources
• Academic journal articles, conference proceedings, books
(mimoegraphs or chapters of books), documentaries
Examples of tertiary sources
• Encyclopaedias, dictionaries, atlases, handbooks
 Categories of Sources (Fraenkel, 2015)

Documents (ex. Annual reports, books, artwork,

cartoons, circulars, records, diaries, notebooks,
etc.)
Numerical Records (ex. Test scores, attendance
figures, census reports, school budgets, etc.)
Oral statements (ex. Stories, myths,
tales, legends, chants, songs, and other
forms of oral expressions)
Relics (ex. Furniture artwork, clothing,
buildings or equipment)
Referencing Sources

means systematically showing what

information or ideas you are quoting
or paraphrasing from another
author’s works and where they come
from.
 Importance of Referencing Sources

Adds authority to your work by

supporting it with previous research
Demonstrates reading and
understanding of relevant literature
Enables the reader to track down the
original sources to check its quality
Ensures that you write in an ethical manner
by giving credit to the original authors
(Dempster and Hanna, 2016)
 Citing Web Sites

Kraizer, S. (2005). Safe child. Retrieved February

29, from http.//www.safechild org.

Penn State Myths. (2006) Retrieved December 6,

2011, from http//www.psoedu.ur/about/myths.
 Citing Books

Rollin, B.E (2006). Science and ethics. New

York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

American Medical Association. (2004)

American Medical Association family
medical guide (4th ed).
 Citing articles from print periodicals

Dougherty, R. (2006, January 11). Jury

convicts man in drunk driving death.
Center Daily Times, p 1A
 Citing Electronic Book

Mc Kernan, B. (2001). Digital cinema:

the revolution in cinematography,
postproduction distribution. New York,
NY: Mc-Graw Hill. Retrieved from
www.netlibrary.com
Types of Literature Review

 Context review
 Historical review
 Integrative review
 Methodological review
 Self-study review
 Theoretical review
The Literature Review Process

1. Select a
topic
2. Select
4. Write and
the review choose
literature

3. Analyze
and
interpret
literature
 Write your review in the past tense except when discussing its
significance; in this case, you use the present tense.
Example: Martin (2007) found that there was a possible direct
relationship between how children saw and felt about
themselves and how they felt about the Superheroes. This
shows that it is probable that superheroes may be able to influence
an adolescent’s perception of masculinity.
 You should cite whenever you…

Use a direct quote

Paraphrase
Summarize
Use facts or statistics that are relatively less
known or relate directly to your argument
 Citation
 is a reference to a literature being used in your study. It is a
way of giving acknowledgement to the authors whom you
have referred their intellectual works and creativity as a
support or foundation of your research. Typically, citations
include author’s name, date, publisher information, journal
information and/or DOI (Digital Objective Identifier) if
present.
 in-text citation

is a reference made within the body of text in the

paper. It leads the reader to a source where a particular
information has been taken of. An in-text citation
should be reflected when you refer, paraphrase,
summarize, or quote from another author.
references typically includes only the sources that
you have mentioned or cited in-text in your paper
bibliography is generally a list of all the sources you
used to generate your ideas about your research even
if you have not mentioned or cited them in your
paper.
 Laying out your Reference Section

Reference section is an alphabetical list of all the

references you cited in the text of your report.
When writing in APA style, you always include a
reference section not a bibliography
Writing Coherent Review of
Literature
CHAPTER 2
 Reviewing the literature
requires the ability to do
multiple tasks

finding and evaluating critical thinking to

relevant material paraphrasing

synthesizing information evaluating and citation

from various sources skills
 A good review…
 discusses
the literature critically, identifies methodological
problems and prints out research gaps
 has a number of significant features
 has a good structure
 starts
with a general introduction of the context and a
summarization of the main points covered toward the end
How can you organize the flow of the
main body of the review so that the
reader will be drawn into and guided
through it?
 Coherence refers to how well a manuscript holds together as
a unified document.
 Transitionalexpressions can help to identify the connection
among the different sections as in “the next example” or “in a
related study”
 Use“First, Second and Third” at the beginning of your
paragraphs to mark the development of the related points
 Sections of a Literature Review

The introduction (often a single paragraph)…

Introduces the general topic and provides an
appropriate scholarly or societal context for the
review
Identifies the overall state-of-knowledge about the
topic
 In the body, you need to…

 Addressprevious research on the topic, grouped according to

theme, theoretical perspective, methodological approach, or
chronological development
 Draw together the significance of previous, individual studies by
highlighting the main themes, issues, and knowledge gaps
 Describeprevious work you have accomplished related to the
proposed research
 The conclusion (often a single paragraph)

provides a summary statement of the overall state

of the knowledge about the topic
reinforces the research purpose or objectives, and
establishes the potential significance or importance
of your proposed research, relative to the current
state of knowledge