Learning Strand 6- Digital Literacy

Learning Competency:
Demonstrate how to select character, word, line, sentence, paragraph, and entire
body text
(p10;LS6DL-DA/WP-PSC-LE/AE/LS/AS-2.5 )
http://www.theedifier.com/blogging-blogger/post-body-text-classification-
character-word-line-sentence-paragraph-page.php
Prerequisite Concept and Skills
 
Classification of Text  

In designing documents electronically either in a word processor (like MS

Word) or for the web. (a web page) text can be classified as characters, word, line,
sentence, paragraph, page and section.
• Classification for the purpose of Formatting Content
For the purpose of formatting, the content is identified as characters and
paragraphs only. The Character formatting options can be applied to one or more
characters. Paragraph formatting options which are distinct from the character
formatting options can be applied to one or more paragraphs.
  
 
Characters, Letters & keyboard keys  
  Letters, numbers and other symbols used in a language form the Character Set for the
language. The English language character set consists of upper case letters, lower case letters,
digits from 0 to 9, and other special symbols like #, $, @ etc.
English Character Set
Upper Case Alphabets » A B C ..... Z Lower Case Alphabets » a b c ..... z
Digits » 0 1 2 ..... 9

! Exclamation mark " Quotation mark

# Cross hatch (number

sign) $ Dollar sign

% Percent sign & Ampersand

` Opening single quote ` Closing single quote

(apostrophe)

( Opening parentheses ) Closing parentheses

+ Plus , Comma

- Hyphen, dash, minus . Period

/ Slant (forward slash,

divide) \ Reverse slant (Backslash)

= Equals sign ; Semicolon

 (Opening Angle
< Bracket (Less than
sing)
> (Closing Angle Bracket
(Greater than sing)

? Question mark
@ At-sign

[ Opening square
bracket ] Closing square bracket

: Colon
^ Caret (Circumflex)

_ Underscore
* Asterisk (star, multiply)

{ Opening curly brace

} Closing curly brace

| Vertical line (Pipe)

~ Tilde (approximate)

You can enter the characters into the document using your keyboard.
Some of the characters are entered when you press a key and some others on
pressing two or more keys in succession (for entering the "+" symbol, we
press the shift key and then the relevant key).
 Each character has a distinct code with which it is identified, called
the ASCII code. When you press a key or a set of keys, the computer
identifies the code relevant to the key strokes and based on this it displays
or writes to the document the relevant character.
• Toggle Keys
Some of the keys on the keyboard work as toggle keys. They have two
states, either on or off. Pressing the key once would switch it on and
pressing it again would switch it off. Caps Lock key, Num Lock key on the
numerical keypad, Scroll Lock key on the navigational key pad are the
three toggle keys on your keyboard. The toggle keys have indicator lights
just above the numerical keypad to indicate whether they are on or off. If
the indicator bulbs are glowing they are on otherwise they are off.
• Entering Upper Case Letters and Symbols
To enter capital letters we either keep the shift key pressed just before
pressing the relevant letter key or keep the caps lock key on. Where there
are two or more characters on a key, the character on the upper part of the
key can be entered into the document by keeping the shift key pressed just
before pressing the relevant key. The caps lock key is not useful for this.
 
 
• Entering Numbers
The keys on the numerical keypad can be used to enter numbers only if the Num
Lock key is switched on. When the Num Lock key is off the numerical keypad can
be used as a navigational key pad. Those keys on the numerical key pad with only
one character marked on them work in both states.
• Complex Language Scripts
In case of languages other than English where the script is complex like in the case
of most of the Arabic and Asian scripts, a letter is formed by two or more
characters in most cases. Each key stroke in such cases may insert only a part of
the letter. This part itself is called a character in such cases.
 
Word
 

ClassificOne or more letters (characters) without any spaces in between is

recognised as a word by the computer. Two words are separated by white space.
Normally this space is created using the space bar (which is the longest key located
in the bottom row of the standard key pad), but it need not be so. Any space
between two characters is treated as word separator.
atiText
 
 
Whenever a key is pressed, a character is placed in the document. This is true even
in the case of space bar and other white space keys (the characters in their case being
invisible). That is the reason we see white space being entered when space bar is
pressed it
  

Sentence  

One or more words terminated by a period (full stop) and followed by two
white spaces created using the space bar form a sentence. All the words, the period
and the two white spaces, together would be treated as a sentence by the
computer. We know that the first letter of a sentence is to be capitalized.
In a word processing program (like Microsoft Word) when we complete
entering a sentence and start typing the next sentence, we would notice the first
letter getting capitalized automatically.
Your entering the letter after a period followed by two space bar white spaces is
the reason for the computer to identify it a the starting letter of a sentence.
 A paragraph mark would also terminate a sentence. This is for the reason that
every new paragraph starts with a new sentence.
 

Paragraph  

One or more sentences together would form a paragraph. Electronic

documents use a special invisible character for recognizing a paragraph. This is
placed at the end of a paragraph. This is called or a paragraph terminator or
paragraph mark.
 The computer recognizes the presence of a paragraph only if the paragraph
mark is preceded by at least one visible character. Say, if there are many space bar
spaces followed by a paragraph mark, it would not be recognized as a paragraph. In
other words, a set of characters terminated by a paragraph mark would be
recognized as a paragraph only if there is at least one visible character in the set.

Line-Word Wrapping  
A paragraph of text is a unit in electronic documents. The total characters in a
paragraph form a single stream of characters (visible and invisible). The words in a
paragraph are separated by SPACE bar space or Line Break.If the text within a
paragraph does not fit into a single line, it would automatically flow into the next
line. This process of text flowing into the next line automatically when it comes to
the end of a line is called "Word Wrapping".
A line has no distinct measurement in electronic documents. It is a virtual
format created on account of words within a paragraph wrapped in lines. A line in a
document or text area is as long as the width of the document or the text area
reduced by the left and right margin spaces if any (which is the width of the
paragraph). Whenever there is a change in the width of the paragraph, the width of
the line in the paragraph would change.
 The number of lines that the paragraph occupies is not a static figure unless
the width of the paragraph or any container holding the paragraph (table, frame etc)
is fixed. If the width of the document is changed, the length of the paragraph as
well as the lines within it would change. The words would rearrange themselves
automatically to fit the new line length or paragraph width. This rearrangement
would take place every time the dimension is changed.
The number of lines that make up a paragraph and the number of sentences within
a paragraph are two different ideas.
 

Spell Checking-Dictionary  

In any language, one or more letters together form a word. Generally all the
word forms that can be formed using the characters and other symbols relating to a
language do not have a specific meaning attached to them. Only those word forms
that have a meaning are what we call words within that language.
• Dictionary
All the words within a language that have a meaning are listed out in a file which
we call a dictionary. Though in general we use the word dictionary to mean
something that contains the meanings of words within the language, it has a dual
sense in electronic documents (word processing).A dictionary file is nothing but a
simple text file containing a list of words each on a distinct row/line.
 Each row consists of nothing but the characters relating to the word. Words are
separated by paragraph mark [This will be created by placing the cursor at the end of
the word and pressing the "ENTER" key].

How is Spelling Mistake Identified?

To identify whether a word form is correctly spelled or not, the program would
compare the word that we enter with the list of words in the dictionary file. If it finds
the word form in the file it is assumed to be correct, otherwise the word form is
assumed to be wrongly spelled.
 The blogger program has a dictionary file which contains a list of words (say the
list of all the words found in a dictionary). When you ask the program to check the
spelling of your posting in composition, the program would scan all the text from the
text area where you entered the post body and would compare each word in it with the
list of words in the file it has. The word forms that it cannot find in its dictionary
file are marked as errors.

No Undo and Redo

This correction cannot be undone and as such redo option would not also be present for
steps involving spelling corrections.
 

Web Page – Word Wrapping

 
A web page is also a document. However, unlike a document used in a word
processor it does not have a fixed width. The width of the web page is the width of the
window in which it is being displayed. Whenever you increase or decrease the size of
the window, the width of the web page keeps changing. A paragraph is an element of a
web page. Its width is equal to the width of the web page (i.e. the browser window)
except when the width of the paragraph or the width of any element holding the
paragraph is defined.
 Therefore, the number of lines into which a paragraph is wrapped is dependent on
its width, which in effect is dependent on the width of the browser window. Thus
whenever the browser window is resized, the number of lines within a paragraph
would change.
Forcing Width for a Web Page
The width of a web page can be set to a fixed dimension indirectly. This is
done by defining or setting an absolute width to any element in the web document.
Say when there is a table or division or paragraph or horizontal line etc., with a
specified width (not in terms of % when it would be interpreted as a % of window
width), resizing the browser window would not change its size. Instead a horizontal
scroll bar would get added to the browser window.
 

Web- Page Length  

In word processing documents a page has a certain length and width. However,
in a web document, there is no length or height for a page. Each file is a single
document as well as a page on the web. The length of a web page would be the
length of the browser window that is needed to display the total content of the web
page.The width of a web page as seen above is not a static figure except when it is
indirectly specified by specifying the width of any element within the web page.
When the width of the web page is changed on account of the browser window being
resized, the length of the document needed to display the total content also changes.
As far as web pages are concerned we would not think of length.
  

Activity 1  

1. Tell something about characters we used in encoding? Give examples.

2. Describe the following:
a. Word
b. Sentence
c. Paragraph
d. line
3. Be ready for the practicum.
a. Demonstrate how to select and enter a character, word, sentence,
paragraph