Introduction to Abstract

Windowing Toolkit
(AWT)
 Introduction
• Java AWT (Abstract Windowing Toolkit) is an API to develop
GUI or window-based application in java.
• Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components
are displayed according to the view of operating system.
• AWT is heavyweight i.e. its components uses the resources of
system.
• The java.awt package provides classes for AWT API such as
TextField, Label, TextArea, RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice,
List etc.
GUI
Window Fundamentals :
Component
• The Component is abstract class that encapsulates all
the attributes of visual component.
• All User interface (UI) elements that are displayed on
screen are subclasses of Component.

Component is responsible for remembering the current

foreground and background color and the currently
selected text font.
 Methods of Component class

Method Description

public void add(Component c) inserts a component on this

component.
public void setSize(int width, int sets the size (width and height) of the
height) component.
public void setLayout(LayoutManager defines the layout manager for the
m) component.
public void setVisible(boolean status) changes the visibility of the component,
by default false.
void remove(Component c) Remove a component
void setBounds(int x,int y, int width, Set the location and size of single
int height) component and useful only with null
layout.
Container
• The Container is a component in AWT that can contain
another components like buttons, textfields, labels etc.
• The classes that extends Container class are known as
container such as Frame, Dialog and Panel.
• For a component to be placed on the screen, it must be
placed within a Container
• Methods:
• void setFont(Font f)
• void setLayout(LayoutManager mgr)
Panel
• Panel class is concrete subclass of Container. It doesn’t
add new methods.
• The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title
bar and menu bars and Borders.
• It can have other components like button, textfield etc.
An Applet is Panel is a Container
java.lang.Object
| +----java.awt.Component
| +----java.awt.Container
| +----java.awt.Panel
| +----java.applet.Applet
 An Applet
• Applet is a public class which is predefined by
java.applet.Applet
• There is no main() method in Applet like
Application program. The main() method is
defined by browser or Appletviewer for Applet.
• Life cycle methods: init, start, paint, stop, destroy
• Applet is one type of container and subclass of
Panel.
To create an applet
• import java.applet.*;
• Import java.awt.*;
• Applet tag code in comment.
• Extends Applet class
• Life cycle method
• Class must be public
Applet Life Cycle
Window
• The window is the container that have no borders
and menu bars.
• You must use frame, dialog or another window for
creating a window.
 Frame
• It is subclass of Window.
• The Frame is the container that contain title bar and
can have menu bars,borders, and resizing corners.
• It can have other components like button, textfield, etc.
• Methods:
• void setTitle(String title)
• void setBackground(Color bgcolor)
Working with Frame Window
• Extends Frame class
• Constructor are:
• Frame()
• Frame(String title)
• Setting and Getting window size:
• void setSize(int width, int height)
• void setSize(Dimension newsize)
• Showing and Hiding Frame
• void setVisible(boolean visibleFlag)
Frame Class
• We can create stand-alone AWT based applications.
• A Frame provides main window for the GUI application.
• There are two ways to create a Frame :
1.By instantiating Frame Class
2.By extending Frame class
Program using Frames
import java.awt.*;  
class FirstFrame{   public static void main(String args[])
{  
FirstFrame(){   FirstFrame f=new FirstFrame();  
Frame f=new Frame();   }
}  
Button b=new Button("click me");  
b.setBounds(30,50,80,30);  
f.add(b);  
f.setSize(300,300);  
f.setLayout(null);  
f.setVisible(true);  }  
 Program using Frames
import java.awt.*;   public static void main
(String args[]){  
class First extends Frame{  
First f=new First();  
First(){   }
Button b=new Button("click me");   }  
b.setBounds(30,100,80,30); 
add(b);  
setSize(300,300);  
setLayout(null);  
setVisible(true); 
}  
Controls
• Labels
• Buttons
• Checkbox
• CheckboxGroup
• Textfield
• TextFieldArea
• ScollBar
Label
• The easiest control to use is a label.
• A label is an object of type Label, and it contains a
string, which it displays.
• Labels are passive controls that do not support any
interaction with the user.
Labels
• Label defines the following constructors:
• Label( )
• Label(String str)
• Label(String str, int align/how)
• The first version creates a blank label.
• The second version creates a label that contains the
string specified by str. This string is left-justified.
• The third version creates a label that contains the string
specified by str using the alignment specified by how.
The value of how must be one of these three constants:
Label.LEFT, Label.RIGHT, or Label.CENTER.
Label
Methods
•void setText(String str)
It sets the texts for label with the specified
text.
•String getText( )
It gets the text of the label
•void setAlignment(int how)
It sets the alignment for label with the
specified alignment.
•int getAlignment( )
It gets the current alignment of the label.
 Controls
// Demonstrate Labels
public void init()
import java.awt.*; {
import java.applet.*; Label one = new Label("One");
/* Label two = new Label("Two");
<applet code="LabelDemo" Label three = new Label("Three");
width=300 height=200> // add labels to applet window
</applet> add(one);
*/ add(two);
add(three);
public class LabelDemo extends }
Applet
}
{
Buttons
• The most widely used control is the push button.
• A push button is a component that contains a label and that
generates an event when it is pressed.
• Push buttons are objects of type Button.
• Button defines these two constructors:
• Button( )
• Button(String str)
 Buttons
• String getLabel()
It fetches the label of the button.

• void setLabel(String str)

It sets the label of button with the specified
string.

• Void addActionListener(ActionListener l)
It adds the specified action listener to get the action
events from the button.
• void removeActionListener(ActionListener l)
It removes the specified action listener so that it
no longer receives action events from the button.

• String getActionCommand()
It returns the command name of the action event
fired by the button.

• void setActionCommand(String Cmd)

It sets the command name for the action event
given by the button.
 Button yes, no, maybe;
// Demonstrate Buttons public void init()
import java.awt.*; {
import java.applet.*; yes = new Button("Yes");
/* no = new Button("No");
<applet code="ButtonDemo" maybe = new Button(“Understand");
width=250 height=150> add(yes);
</applet> add(no);
*/ add(maybe);
public class ButtonDemo extends }
Applet public void paint(Graphics g)
{ {
String msg = ""; g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
}
}
 Check Boxes
• A check box is a control that is used to turn an option on
or off.
• It consists of a small box that can either contain a check
mark or not.
• There is a label associated with each check box that
describes what option the box represents.
• We change the state of a check box by clicking on it.
Check boxes can be used individually or as part of a
group.
 Checkbox constructors:
• Checkbox( )
It constructs a checkbox with no string as the label.
• Checkbox(String str)
It constructs a checkbox with the given label.
• Checkbox(String str, boolean on)
It constructs a checkbox with the given label and sets the given
state.
• Checkbox(String str, boolean on, CheckboxGroup cbGroup)
It constructs a checkbox with the given label, set the given state
in the specified checkbox group.
• Checkbox(String str, CheckboxGroup cbGroup, boolean on)
It constructs a checkbox with the given label, in the given
checkbox group and set to the specified state.
Methods
• boolean getState( )
It returns true if the checkbox is on, else returns off.
• void setState(boolean on)
It sets the state of checkbox to the specified state.
• String getLabel( )
It fetched the label of checkbox.
• void setLabel(String str)
It sets the checkbox's label to the string argument.
• void addItemListener(ItemListener l)
It adds the given item listener to get the item
events from the checkbox.
• void removeItemListener(ItemListener l)
It removes the specified item listener so that the
item listener doesn't receive item events from
the checkbox anymore.
 public void init()
// Demonstrate check boxes. {
import java.awt.*; Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP",
import java.applet.*; null, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows
/*
NT/2000");
<applet code="CheckboxDemo" solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris");
width=250 height=200> mac = new Checkbox("MacOS");
</applet> add(Win98);
*/ add(winNT);
public class CheckboxDemo extends add(solaris);
add(mac);
Applet
}
{ public void paint(Graphics g)
String msg = ""; {}
Checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris, mac; }
Checkbox Group
• It is possible to create a set of mutually exclusive
check boxes in which one and only one check box in
the group can be checked at any one time.
• These check boxes are often called radio button.
• Check box groups are objects of type
CheckboxGroup.
• Only the default constructor is defined, which creates
an empty group.
Methods
• CheckboxGroup getCheckboxGroup()
It determines the group of checkbox.
• void setCheckboxGroup(CheckboxGroup g)
It sets the checkbox's group to the given checkbox.
 public void init()
{
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
cbg = new CheckboxGroup();
/* Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", cbg,
<applet code="CBGroup" true);
width=250 height=200> winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000",
</applet> cbg, false);
*/
public class CBGroup extends Applet
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris", cbg,
{ false);
String msg = ""; mac = new Checkbox("MacOS", cbg, false);
Checkbox Win98, winNT, add(Win98); add(winNT);
solaris, mac; add(solaris); add(mac);}
CheckboxGroup cbg; public void paint(Graphics g)
{
msg = "Current selection: ";
msg +=
cbg.getSelectedCheckbox().getLabel();
g.drawString(msg, 6, 100);
}}
Choice Controls
• The Choice class is used to create a pop-up list of items
from which the user may choose.
• Thus, a Choice control is a form of menu.
• Each item in the list is a string that appears as a left
justified label in the order it is added to the Choice
object.
• Choice()
It constructs a new choice menu.
Methods
• void add(String name)
It adds an item to the choice menu
• String getSelectedItem( )
Gets a representation of the current choice as a string
• int getSelectedIndex( )
Returns the index of the currently selected item
• int getItemCount( )
It returns the number of items of the choice menu
• void select(int index)
It changes / sets the selected item in the choice menu to
the item at given index position
• void select(String name)
It changes / sets the selected item in the choice
menu to the item whose string value is equal to
string specified in the argument
• String getItem(int index)
It gets the item (string) at the given index
position in the choice menu
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/* os.add("Solaris");
<applet code="ChoiceDemo" os.add("MacOS");
width=300 height=180> browser.add("Netscape 3.x");
</applet> browser.add("Netscape 4.x");
*/ browser.add("Netscape 5.x");
public class ChoiceDemo extends browser.add("Netscape 6.x");
browser.add("Internet Explorer 4.0");
Applet
browser.add("Internet Explorer 5.0");
{ browser.add("Internet Explorer 6.0");
Choice os, browser; browser.add("Lynx 2.4");
String msg = "";
public void init() browser.select("Netscape 4.x");
{ add(os);
os = new Choice(); add(browser);
browser = new Choice(); }
os.add("Windows 98/XP"); public void paint(Graphics g)
os.add("Windows NT/2000"); {}}
Lists
• The List class provides a compact, multiple-choice,
scrolling selection list.
• Unlike the Choice object, which shows only the single
selected item in the menu, a List object can be
constructed to show any number of choices in the
visible Window.
• It can also be created to allow multiple selections.
 List
• List( )
• List(int numRows)
• List(int numRows, boolean multipleSelect)

• The first version creates a List control that allows only one item to be
selected at any one time.
• In the second form, the value of numRows specifies the number of
entries in the list that will always be visible (others can be scrolled into
view as needed).
• In the third form, if multipleSelect is true, then the user may select two
or more items at a time.
Methods
• void add(String name)
It adds the specified item into the end of scrolling list
• void add(String name, int index)
It adds the specified item into list at the given index
position
• String getSelectedItem( )
It gets the selected item on the list
• int getSelectedIndex( )
It fetches the index of selected item of list
• String[ ] getSelectedItems( )
It gets the selected items on the list
• int[ ] getSelectedIndexes( )
It gets the selected indices of the list
• int getItemCount( )
It gets the count/number of items in the list
• void select(int index)
It selects the item at given index in the list
• String getItem(int index)
It fetches the item related to given index position
import java.awt.*;    
public class ListExample1  
public static void main(String args[])  
{    
  
         ListExample1() {     {    
         Frame f = new Frame();       new ListExample1();    
               List l1 = new List(5);    }    
        l1.setBounds(100, 100, 75, 75);     }    
        l1.add("Item 1");    
        l1.add("Item 2");    
        l1.add("Item 3");    
        l1.add("Item 4");    
        l1.add("Item 5");    
           f.add(l1);   
        f.setSize(400, 400);    
        f.setLayout(null);    
        f.setVisible(true);    
     }    
  
 ScrollBars
• Scroll bars are used to select continuous values
between a specified minimum and maximum.
• Scroll bars may be oriented horizontally or
vertically.
• It can be added to top-level container like Frame or a
component like Panel.
Constructors
• Scrollbar( )
• Scrollbar(int style)
• Scrollbar(int style, int iValue, int tSize, int min, int
max)
• The first form creates a vertical scroll bar.
• The second and third forms allow us to specify style
Scrollbar.VERTICAL, Scrollbar.HORIZONTAL.
• In the third form, the initial value of the scroll bar is passed
in iValue. The number of units represented by the height of
the thumb is passed in tSize. The minimum and maximum
values for the scroll bar are specified by min and max.
 Methods
• void setValues(int iValue, int tSize, int min, int max)
It sets the values of four properties for scroll bar:
value, visible amount, minimum and maximum.
• int getValue( )
It fetches the current value of scroll bar
• void setValue(int newValue)
It sets the value of scroll bar with the given
argument value
• int getMinimum( )
It gets the minimum value of the scroll bar
• int getMaximum( )
It gets the maximum value of the scroll bar
• void setUnitIncrement(int newIncr)
It sets the unit increment for the scroll bar
• void setBlockIncrement(int newIncr)
It sets the block increment from scroll bar
import java.awt.*;   
public class ScrollbarExample1 {    
ScrollbarExample1() {    
              Frame f = new Frame("Scrollbar Example");     
            Scrollbar s = new Scrollbar();    
                  s.setBounds (100, 100, 50, 100);   
            f.add(s);    
            f.setSize(400, 400);  
            f.setLayout(null);    
            f.setVisible(true);    
}    
public static void main(String args[]) {    
       new ScrollbarExample1();    
}    
}    
TextField

• The TextField class implements a single-line

text-entry area, called an edit control.
• Text fields allow the user to enter strings and
to edit the text using the arrow keys, cut and
paste keys, and mouse selections.
• TextField is a subclass of TextComponent.
TextField Constructors
• TextField( )
It constructs a new text field component
• TextField(int numChars)
It constructs a new textfield (empty) with
given number of columns
• TextField(String str)
It constructs a new text field initialized with
the given string text to be displayed
• TextField(String str, int numChars)
It constructs a new text field with the given
text and given number of columns (width)
TextField Methods
• String getText( )
getText() function fetches a String value from
the Textfield
• void setText(String str)
It sets the text presented by this text component
to the specified text
• String getSelectedText( )
 returns the selected text.
• void select(int startIndex, int endIndex)
method selects the characters beginning
at startIndex and ending at endIndex –1
• boolean isEditable( )
 returns true if the text may be changed and false if not.
• void setEditable(boolean canEdit)
if canEdit is true, the text may be changed. If it is false,
the text cannot be altered.
• void setEchoChar(char ch)
It sets the echo(when you will want the user to enter
text that is not displayed, such as a password)character
for text field
• boolean echoCharIsSet( )
You can check a text field to see if it is in this mode
• char getEchoChar( )
It fetches the character that is used for echoing
import java.awt.*;   
public class TextFieldExample1 {  
    public static void main(String args[]) {    
      Frame f = new Frame("TextField Example");    

    TextField t1, t2;    
        t1 = new TextField("Welcome to Javatpoint.");    
    t1.setBounds(50, 100, 200, 30);    
    t2 = new TextField("AWT Tutorial");    
    t2.setBounds(50, 150, 200, 30);    
    f.add(t1);  
    f.add(t2);   
        f.setSize(400,400);    
        f.setLayout(null);    
    f.setVisible(true);    
}    
}    
TextArea
• Sometimes a single line of text input is not enough for
a given task. To handle these situations, the AWT
includes a simple multiline editor called TextArea.
• Following are the constructors for TextArea:
• TextArea( )
It constructs a new and empty text area with no
text in it.
• TextArea(int numLines, int numChars)
It constructs a new text area with specified number
of rows and columns and empty string as text.
 • TextArea(String str)
It constructs a new text area and displays the
specified text in it.
• TextArea(String str, int numLines, int
numChars)
It constructs a new text area with the
specified text in the text area and specified
number of rows and columns
• TextArea(String str, int numLines, int
numChars, int sBars)
It construcst a new text area with specified
text in text area and specified number of rows
and columns and visibility

sBars must be one of these values:

SCROLLBARS_BOTH,
SCROLLBARS_NONE,SCROLLBARS_HORIZONTAL_ONLY,
SCROLLBARS_VERTICAL_ONLY
 Methods
• TextArea is a subclass of TextComponent.
• Therefore, it supports the getText( ), setText( ),
getSelectedText( ), select( ), isEditable( ), and
setEditable( ) methods as of TextField.
• TextArea adds the following methods:
• void append(String str)
It appends the specified text to the current text of text
area
• void insert(String str, int index)
It inserts the specified text at the specified position in
this text area.
• void replaceRange(String str, int startIndex,
int endIndex)
It replaces text between the indicated start
and end positions with the specified
replacement text
import java.awt.*;    
public class TextAreaExample    
{    
     TextAreaExample() {    
        Frame f = new Frame();    
       TextArea area = new TextArea("Welcome to javatpoint");      
        area.setBounds(10, 30, 300, 300);    
        f.add(area);  
        f.setSize(400, 400);    
        f.setLayout(null);    
        f.setVisible(true);    
     }    
public static void main(String args[])    
{    
   new TextAreaExample();    
}    
}    
Layout Managers
• Layout means arranging the components within
the container.
• The task of lay outing can be done automatically by
the Layout manager.
• The layout manager is set by the setLayout( )
method.
• If no call to setLayout( ) is made, then the default
layout manager is used.
• Whenever a container is resized (or sized for the
first time), the layout manager is used to position
each of the components within it.
• The setLayout( ) method has the following
general form:
• void setLayout(LayoutManager layoutObj)
• Here, layoutObj is a reference to the desired
layout manager.
• If we wish to disable the layout manager and
position components manually, pass null for
layoutObj.
LayoutManager
• LayoutManager is an interface that is
implemented by all the classes of layout managers.
There are following classes that represents the
layout managers:
• FlowLayout
• BorderLayout
• GridLayout
• CardLayout
• GridBagLayout
FlowLayout
• It is the default layout of the applet or panel.
• FlowLayout implements a simple layout style,
which is similar to how words flow in a text
editor.
• Components are laid out from the upper-left
corner, left to right and top to bottom.
• When no more components fit on a line, the next
one appears on the next line.
• A small space is left between each component,
above and below, as well as left and right.
Fields of FlowLayout class
•public static final int LEFT
•public static final int RIGHT
•public static final int CENTER
•public static final int LEADING
for example, to the left in left-to-right
orientations.
•public static final int TRAILING
 for example, to the right in left-to-right
orientations.
FlowLayout Constructors
• FlowLayout( )
creates a flow layout with centered alignment
and a default 5 unit horizontal and vertical gap.
• FlowLayout(int how)
creates a flow layout with the given alignment
and a default 5 unit horizontal and vertical gap.
• FlowLayout(int how, int horz, int vert)
creates a flow layout with the given alignment and the
given horizontal and vertical gap.
FlowLayout Methods
• int getAlignment()
Gets the alignment for this layout.
• int getHgap()
Gets the horizontal gap between components
and between the components and the borders of
the Container
• int getVgap()
Gets the vertical gap between components and
between the components and the borders of
the Container.
• int setAlignment(int align)
Sets the alignment for this layout.
• int setHgap(int hgap)
Sets the horizontal gap between components and
between the components and the borders of
the Container.
• int setVgap(int vgap)
Sets the vertical gap between components and
between the components and the borders of
the Container.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="FlowLayoutDemo" width=300 height=180>
</applet>
*/
public class FlowLayoutDemo extends Applet
{
Checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris, mac;
public void init()
{
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", null, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000");
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris");
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS");
setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.CENTER));
add(Win98); add(winNT);add(solaris);add(mac);
}}
BorderLayout
• It is the default layout of a frame or window. 
• The BorderLayout class implements a common
layout style for top-level windows.
• It has four narrow, fixed-width components at the
edges and one large area in the center.
• The four sides are referred to as
• north,
• south,
• east, and
• west.
• The middle area is called the center.
BorderLayout Constructors
• BorderLayout( )
creates a border layout but with no gaps
between the components.
• BorderLayout(int horz, int vert)
creates a border layout with the given horizontal
and vertical gaps between the components.
BorderLayout
• BorderLayout defines the following constants that
specify the regions:
• BorderLayout.CENTER
• BorderLayout.SOUTH
• BorderLayout.EAST
• BorderLayout.WEST
• BorderLayout.NORTH
• To add components, we use these constants with the
following form of add( ), which is defined by
Container:
• void add(Component compObj, Object region);
• Here, compObj is the component to be added, and
region specifies where the component will be added.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*
<applet code="BorderLayoutDemo" width=300 height=180>
</applet>
*/
public class BorderLayoutDemo extends Applet {
public void init() {
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(new Button("This is across the top."), BorderLayout.NORTH);
add(new Label("The footer message."), BorderLayout.SOUTH);
add(new Button("Right"), BorderLayout.EAST);
add(new Button("Left"), BorderLayout.WEST);
String msg = "The reasonable man adapts himself to the world;\n" +
"the unreasonable one persists in trying to adapt the world to himself.\n" +
"Therefore all progress depends on the unreasonable man.\n\n" + " - George Bernard Shaw\n\n";
add(new TextArea(msg), BorderLayout.CENTER);
}
}
GridLayout
• The Java GridLayout class is used to arrange the
components in a rectangular grid. One
component is displayed in each rectangle.
• GridLayout lays out components in a two-
dimensional grid.
• When we instantiate a GridLayout, we define the
number of rows and columns.
GridLayout constructors
• GridLayout( )
creates a grid layout with one column per
component in a row.
• GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns )
creates a grid layout with the given rows and
columns but no gaps between the components.
• GridLayout(int numRows, int numColumns, int horz,
int vert)
creates a grid layout with the given rows and columns along
with given horizontal and vertical gaps.
import java.awt.*;
import java.applet.*;
/*<applet code="GridLayoutDemo" width=300 height=180>
</applet>*/
public class GridLayoutDemo extends Applet {
static final int n = 4;
public void init(){
setLayout(new GridLayout(n, n));
setFont(new Font("SansSerif", Font.BOLD, 24));
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
for(int j = 0; j < n; j++){
int k = i * n + j;
if(k > 0)
add(new Button("" + k));
} }}}
 CardLayout
• The Java CardLayout class manages the
components in such a manner that only one
component is visible at a time. It treats each
component as a card that is why it is known as
CardLayout.
• CardLayout provides these two constructors:
• CardLayout( )
Creates a card layout with zero horizontal
and vertical gap.
• CardLayout(int horz, int vert)
Creates a card layout with the given horizontal
and vertical gap.
Methods
• void add(Component panelObj, Object name);
• Here name is a string that specifies the name of the card
whose panel is specified by panelObj. After we have
created a deck, our program activates a card by calling
one of the following methods:
• void first(Container deck) :is used to flip to
the first card of the given container.
• void last(Container deck) :is used to flip to the
last card of the given container.
• void next(Container deck) : is used to flip to
the next card of the given container.
 • void previous(Container deck) :is used to flip to
the previous card of the given container.
• void show(Container deck, String cardName) :is
used to flip to the specified card with the given
name.
• deck is a reference to the container (usually a panel) that
holds the cards, and cardName is the name of a card.
• // Demonstrate CardLayout.
import java.awt.*;  
import java.awt.event.*;  
public class CardLayoutExample extends Frame implement
s ActionListener{  
CardLayout card;  
Button b1,b2,b3;  
    CardLayoutExample(){  
      card=new CardLayout(40,30);  
       setLayout(card);  
 b1=new Button("Apple");  
        b2=new Button("Boy");  
        b3=new Button("Cat");  
        b1.addActionListener(this);  
        b2.addActionListener(this);  
        b3.addActionListener(this);  
        add(b1,”card1”); add(b2,”card2”); add(b3,”card3”);      }  
    public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {  
    card.next(this);  
    }  
    public static void main(String[] args) {  
        CardLayoutExample cl=new CardLayoutExample();  
        cl.setSize(400,400);  
        cl.setVisible(true);  
            }   }  
GridBagLayout
• Each GridBagLayout object maintains a dynamic
rectangular grid of cells, with each component
occupying one or more cells, called its display
area.
• Each component managed by a grid bag layout is
associated with an instance of GridBagConstraints
that specifies how the component is laid out
within its display area.
• For customize a GridBagConstraints object by
setting one or more of its instance variables:
• gridx, gridy: Specifies the cell at the upper left of
the component's display area, where the upper-left-
most cell has address gridx = 0, gridy = 0.
• gridwidth, gridheight: Specifies the number of cells
in a row (for gridwidth) or column (for gridheight)
in the component's display area. The default value
is 1.
• fill: Used when the component's display area is
larger than the component's requested size to
determine whether (and how) to resize the
component.
import java.awt.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.applet.Applet;
public class GridBagEx1 extends Applet {
protected void makebutton(String name,
GridBagLayout gridbag,
GridBagConstraints c) {
Button button = new Button(name);
gridbag.setConstraints(button, c);
add(button);
}
public void init() {
GridBagLayout gridbag = new GridBagLayout();
GridBagConstraints c = new GridBagConstraints();
setLayout(gridbag);
c.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH;
c.weightx = 1.0;  //request any extra vertical space  
makebutton("Button1", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button2", gridbag, c);
makebutton("Button3", gridbag, c);
c.gridwidth = GridBagConstraints.REMAINDER; //end row
makebutton("Button4", gridbag, c);
c.weightx = 0.0; //reset to the default
makebutton("Button5", gridbag, c); //another row
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
Frame f = new Frame("GridBag Layout Example");
GridBagEx1 ex1 = new GridBagEx1();
ex1.init(); f.add("Center", ex1); f.pack();
f.resize(f.preferredSize());
f.show(); }}
Menu Bars and Menus
• A menu bar displays a list of top-level menu
choices. Each choice is associated with a dropdown
menu.
• This concept is implemented in Java by the
following classes:
• MenuBar, Menu, and MenuItem.
• In general, a menu bar contains one or more Menu
objects. Each Menu object contains a list of
MenuItem objects. Each MenuItem object
represents something that can be selected by the
user.
• MenuBar Class Defines only default constructor.
• Menu Class Constructors
• Menu( )
• Menu(String optionName)
• Menu(String optionName, boolean removable)
• Here, optionName specifies the name of the menu
selection.
• Individual menu items constructors:
• MenuItem( )
• MenuItem(String itemName)
• MenuItem(String itemName, MenuShortcut
keyAccel)
Methods
• Disable or enable a menu item by using:
• void setEnabled(boolean enabledFlag)
• boolean isEnabled( )
• Label set and get using:
• void setLabel(String newName)
• String getLabel( )
• Checkable menu item by using a subclass of
MenuItem called CheckboxMenuItem. :
• CheckboxMenuItem( )
• CheckboxMenuItem(String itemName)
• CheckboxMenuItem(String itemName, boolean on)
Methods
• Status about checkable MenuItem:
• boolean getState( )
• void setState(boolean checked)
• For add MenuItem:
• MenuItem add(MenuItem item)
• For add MenuBar
• Menu add(Menu menu)
• To get Item from Menu:
• Object getItem( )
import java.awt.*;  
class MenuExample   menu.add(i1);  
{   menu.add(i2);  menu.add(i3);  
submenu.add(i4);    
     MenuExample(){  
submenu.add(i5);  
         Frame f= new Frame("Menu Example");    
        menu.add(submenu);  
MenuBar mb=new MenuBar();   mb.add(menu);  
f.setMenuBar(mb);  
        Menu menu=new Menu("Menu");  
f.setSize(400,400);  
        Menu submenu=new Menu("Sub Menu");  
f.setLayout(null);  
        MenuItem i1=new MenuItem("Item 1");  
f.setVisible(true);  
        MenuItem i2=new MenuItem("Item 2");   }  
        MenuItem i3=new MenuItem("Item 3");   public static void main(String
        MenuItem i4=new MenuItem("Item 4");    args[])  {  
        MenuItem i5=new MenuItem("Item 5");   new MenuExample();  
          }  }
DialogBox
• Dialog boxes are primarily used to obtain user input.
• They are similar to frame windows, except that
dialog boxes are always child windows of a top-level
window.
• Dialog boxes don’t have menu bars.
• In other respects, dialog boxes function like frame
windows.
• Dialog boxes may be modal or modeless.
• When a modal dialog box is active, all input is
directed to it until it is closed.
• When a modeless dialog box is active, input focus can
be directed to another window in your program.
• Constructors:.
• Dialog(Frame parentWindow, boolean mode)
• Dialog(Frame parentWindow, String title,
boolean mode)
• To create Dialog Box:
• Create Frame or Applet
• Create another class which extends Dialog class.
• Call this new class from Frame/Applet class.
• In constructor of Extended Dialog class, use
super method and pass vales to constructor of
Dialog
import java.awt.*;  
import java.awt.event.*;  
public class DialogExample {  
    private static Dialog d;  
    DialogExample() {  
        Frame f= new Frame();  
        d = new Dialog(f , "Dialog Example", true);  
        d.setLayout( new FlowLayout() );  
        Button b = new Button ("OK");  
        b.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()  
        {  
            public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e )  
            {  
                DialogExample.d.setVisible(false);  
            }  
        });  
        
d.add( new Label ("Click button to continue."));  
        d.add(b);   
        d.setSize(300,300);    
        d.setVisible(true);  
    }  
    public static void main(String args[])  
    {  
        new DialogExample();  
    }  
}  
    
FileDialog
• Java provides a built-in dialog box that lets the user
specify a file.
• To create a file dialog box, instantiate an object of
type FileDialog.
• Constructor:
• FileDialog(Frame parent, String boxName)
• FileDialog(Frame parent, String boxName, int how)
• FileDialog(Frame parent)
• Int how: FileDialog.LOAD, FileDialog.SAVE
• Methods:
• String getDirectory( )
• String getFile( )
import java.awt.*;
class SampleFrame extends Frame
{
SampleFrame(String title){
super(title); }}
class FileDialogDemo
{public static void main(String args[]){
Frame f = new SampleFrame("File Dialog Demo");
f.setVisible(true);
f.setSize(100, 100);
FileDialog fd = new FileDialog(f, "File Dialog");
fd.setVisible(true);
}}