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Lesson Electromagnetism

Electricity and magnetism are interrelated. Flowing electrons produce a magnetic field, and spinning magnets cause an electric current to flow. Magnetism is caused by the unbalanced spin of electrons in atoms. The Earth acts like a giant magnet because it generates a magnetic field and has north and south poles. Electromagnets are coils of wire that act like magnets when electric current flows through them.

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60 views67 pages

Lesson Electromagnetism

Electricity and magnetism are interrelated. Flowing electrons produce a magnetic field, and spinning magnets cause an electric current to flow. Magnetism is caused by the unbalanced spin of electrons in atoms. The Earth acts like a giant magnet because it generates a magnetic field and has north and south poles. Electromagnets are coils of wire that act like magnets when electric current flows through them.

Uploaded by

Trendi Printing Services
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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How are electricity and magnetism

interrelated?
Electricity- is the term given to a group
of physical phenomena involving
electric charges, their motions and
their effects.
Magnetism- is the study of magnetic
fields and their effect on materials.
This effect, due to unbalanced spin of
electrons in atoms.
Electricity and magnetism are
closely related. Flowing
electrons produce a magnetic
field, and spinning magnets
cause an electric current to
flow.
What causes
magnetism??
HISTORY OF MAGNET
In a distant land in Asia Minor,
thousands of years ago, the Greeks
discovered that certain metallic rocks
(lodestones) in the district of Magnesia
could attract or repel similar rocks.
They referred to these rocks as
magnets in honor of the place where
the rocks were discovered.
lodestones
? The English man William
Gilbert (1540-1603) was
the first to investigate the
phenomenon of
magnetism systematically
using scientific methods.
He also discovered that
the Earth is itself a weak
magnet
How is the earth
like a giant
magnet????
Earth acts like a giant magnet because it
generates magnetic field and has a
north and south pole.
What is a
magnetic field?
Magnetic field – is a region in space in
which a magnetic force can be
detected.
? Magnetic flux – the number of
magnetic field lines per area
? Tesla (T) – SI unit of magnetic
field strength in honor of
physicist Nikola Tesla
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS

? Magnets have the ability to attract


materials that are magnetic in nature.
Classification of Materials
(according to how they are affected by
the magnetic field)
Which will be attracted most to a magnet?
Tell whether the given example is
Ferromagnetic, Paramagnetic or Diamagnetic:
FERROMAGNETIC
? materials which are strongly attracted to magnets.
Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a long-range
ordering phenomenon at the atomic level which
causes the unpaired electron spins and line up
parallel with each other in a region called a 
domain. E.g. iron. nickel, cobalt, steel,
gadolinium.
PARAMAGNETIC
? materials which have a small positive
susceptibility to magnetic fields. They are slightly
attracted to magnets. E.g. aluminum, platinum,
chromium sulphate, crown glass
DIAMAGNETIC

? materials create a magnetic field in opposition to


an externally applied magnetic field, thus causing
a repulsive effect. E.g. Gold, silver, copper,
mercury, quartz, water, alcohol, air, bismuth,
antimony, cloth and fabric.
? When allowed to hang freely,
magnets always align in one
particular direction.
? Like poles repel and unlike poles
attract.
REPULSION
ATTRACTION
? Magnetic poles always occur in pair.
MAGNETS OF DIFFERENT SHAPES
USES:
? Horseshoe magnets – bar magnets bent in a
U shape
? Makes the magnet stronger by pointing the
poles in the same direction
? Small horseshoes can collect paper clips,
industrial-sized horseshoe magnets are used
in construction and engineering to pick up
large pieces of heavy metals
? Also used at the bottoms of pendulums
USES:

? Ring magnets - round with a hole in the middle,


and because of this shape they are sometimes
referred to as donut magnets.
? used in science experiments such as a
demonstration of magnetic repulsion where the
magnetic rings are threaded through a wooden
pole. When the same poles of the magnets face
each other they won’t touch
USES:

? Cylindrical magnets - used in medicine.


Some doctors experiment with magnetic
rods to treat scoliosis patients
USES:
? Bar magnets – magnet’s power is
focused at the poles and lessens at the
sides.
? Generally the weakest shapes because
the poles have the smallest area
? Most common shape used in everyday
life such as refrigerator magnets and
compasses.
USES:
? Disc magnets - because of the wide, flat surface,
disc magnets have a large pole area making them
strong, effective magnets.
? used every day in clothing, fashion accessories,
and home decor. Sewing disc magnets into
clothing is a great way to hold fabric together.
Industrial-sized disc magnets are commonly used
to pick up old cars at junkyards. 
KINDS OF MAGNET
? Permanent magnets – are those we are
most familiar with, such as the magnets
hanging onto our refrigerator doors. They
are permanent in the sense that once they
are magnetized they retain a level of
magnetism.
? Temporary magnets – are those which
act like a permanent magnet when they
are within a strong magnetic field, but
lose their magnetism when the magnetic
field disappears. Examples would be
paperclips, nails and soft iron items.
HANS CHRISTIAN OERSTED

? Was the first to show that an electric


current can produce magnetic fields
? Discovered the relationship of electricity
and magnetism during a class
demonstration that a current carrying
wire caused a nearby magnetized
compass needle to deflect
? Electromagnets – are tightly wound
helical coil of wire, usually with an
iron core, which acts like a
permanent magnet when current is
flowing in the wire.
3 WAYS TO CHANGE THE
STRENGTH OF AN
ELECTROMAGNET
? Increase the no. of turns of the
coil
? Increase the current
? Using an iron core
SOLENOID

? a type of electromagnet when the purpose is to


generate a controlled magnetic field.
USES OF ELECTROMAGNETS

? Electromagnets are very widely


used in electric and
electromechanical devices like
motors, generators, transformer,
electric bells, buzzers, loudspeakers
and earphones.
? Magnetic separation equipment used
for separating magnetic from non
magnetic materials.
? Industrial lifting magnets
? Electromagnetic suspension used for
maglev train
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Production of electric
current across a
conductor when exposed
to a changing magnetic
field
FACTORS THAT DETERMINE THE AMOUNT OF INDUCED
CURRENT

1.Moving the coil or the magnet


faster
2.Increasing strength of the
magnetic field
3.Increasing the number of turns/
length of the coil
FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
(MICHAEL FARADAY)

? Any change in the magnetic field of a


coil of wire will cause an emf to be
induced in the coil.
? This emf induced is called induced emf
and if the conductor circuit is closed, the
current will also circulate through the
circuit and this current is called induced
current.
LENZ’S LAW (HEINRICH LENZ)

? The direction of the induced


emf or induced current is
such that it opposes the
change that is producing it.
RIGHT HAND RULE

?Is based on the underlying


physics that relates
magnetic fields and the
forces that they exert on
moving charge
MAGNETIC FIELD IN A STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR

Thumb – current
Fingers –magnetic
field
MAGNETIC FIELD IN A LOOPED CONDUCTOR
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER:

? The region of magnetic field in a straight


conductor is represented in concentric circles
around the wire
? Current flowing in each arm of the circular loop
is mutually opposite in directions
? The magnetic field is circular near the arm and
almost parallel, uniform and maximum at the
center of a looped conductor
IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER:

? As the distance from the center of


the circular loop increases, the
magnetic filed intensity decreases
? The magnetic lines of force
increases as the current increases
FLEMING’S LEFT HAND RULE (JOHN AMBROSE FLEMING)

? To determine the direction of


the magnetic field, current
and force (applicable in
electric motor)

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