MORNING BRAIN GYM

Title: Introducing yourself.

Instruction:
1. Pick two words from the word “RESEARCH”,
2. Think of word that starts from the word you picked that can
describe yourself.
3. Example: R- resilient & A-academic.
4. You will be called to introduce yourself
with what you have thought of.
 MORNING BRAIN GYM
1. Is two words enough to introduce yourself? Yes or No? Why?
2. Do you think it is also important that when you write your
research, you are able to fully introduce the topic of interest? Yes
or No? Why?
RESEARCH IN
EDUCATION
Christian M. Santiago, LPT, M.Sc.
Instructor, College of Education
 OBJECTIVES OF THE SESSION
1. Determine the importance of a solid introduction in research
writing.
2. Demonstrate the three moves of introduction writing based on
CARS model by Swales (1996).
3. Appreciate the importance of a solid literature review when
doing introduction.
Yes, it is important, the introduction
is the
“teaser”
of the paper.
 Opportunity to show readers and
reviewers why your research topic is
worth reading about and why your
paper warrants attention.
C.A.R.S.
Model of Research Introduction
by Swales & Najjar (1987)
C.A.R.S. stands for
“Creating A Research Space”

It describes three "moves”. That helps to present arguments

clearly and convincingly. Which as follows:
1. Establishing a Territory
2. Establishing a Niche
3. Occupying a Niche
WHY BOTHER?
The introduction serves multiple purposes:
1. It presents the background to your study,
2. introduces your topic and aims,
3. gives an overview of the paper, and
4. Provides solid foundation and encourage readers to
continue on to the main parts of your paper.
Move #1: Establishing a Territory
This sets the context for his or her research, providing necessary
background on the topic.
Step 1: Claiming Centrality
The author asks the discourse community (the audience
for the paper) to accept that the research about to be
reported is part of a lively, significant, or well
established research area.
Move #1: Establishing a Territory
Step 1: Claiming Centrality
Santiago, C.M., Balic, A.G., Santos, I., Paragas, J.B., & Estrada, L.A. (2021). Flipped Learning In Teaching Senior High School Earth
Science: Comparative Analysis On Concept Mastery Against Lecture Method. European Scholar Journal, 2(5), 147-154.
Retrieved from https://www.scholarzest.com/index.php/esj/article/view/740
Move #1: Establishing a Territory
Step 1: Claiming Centrality
• Recently there has been a spate of interest in ... (Literatures)
• Knowledge of X has great importance for ... (Literatures)
• There has been a growing interest… (Literatures)
• Advance in … (Literatures)
• Heightened attention on … (Literatures)

How do you prove the topic is the central

discussion of the academic community?
Move #1: Establishing a Territory
Step 2: Making Topic Generalizations
The author makes statements about current knowledge, practices, or
phenomena in the field.

For example:
• The properties of X are still not completely understood.
Johnson and Morgan claim that the
• X is a common finding in patients with... biographical facts have been mis-
represented."
• It was found by several research to … studies have suggested that ... (Gordon,
• Various claims suggested that … (Recent Literature)
2003; Ratzinger, 2009)."
to children early and often seems to
have a positive long-term correla- cion
with grades in English courses (Jones,
2002; Strong, 2009)."
Move #1: Establishing a Territory
Step 2: Making Topic Generalizations
Exercise for 5 points, locate which part the paper used Move 1, Step 2
Move #1: Establishing a Territory
Step 3: Reviewing Previous Items of Research
The author relates what has been found on the topic and who found it.

For example:
• Both Johnson and Morgan claim that the biographical facts have been
misrepresented."
• Studies have suggested that ... (Gordon, 2003; Ratzinger, 2009)."
Move #2: Establishing a Niche
In this move, the author argues that there is an open "niche" in the
existing research, a space that needs to be filled through additional
research. The author can establish a niche in one of four ways:

Way#1 Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier research by making a
Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier
counter-claim. research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
For example: method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
"While Jones and Riley believe X method to be accurate, a close
method examination
to be flawed."
demonstrates their method to be flawed."
 Move #2: Establishing a Niche
Way #2 Indicating a Gap
The author demonstrates that earlier research does not sufficiently address all existing
questions or problems.

For example:
"While existing studies have clearly established X, they have not addressed Y.”

Way #3 Question-raising
Counter-claiming
The author asks questions about previous research, suggesting thatThe
additional research needs
author refutes or challenges earlier
to be done. research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
For example: method to be accurate, a close
"While Jones and Morgan have established X, these findings raiseexamination
a numberdemonstrates
of their
questions, including ..." method to be flawed."
Move #2: Establishing a Niche
Way #4 Continuing a Tradition
The author presents the research as a useful extension of existing research.
For example:
"Earlier studies seemed to suggest X. To verify this finding, more work is
urgently needed."

Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier
research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
What sentence/s was used to establish a niche? What type
establishing a niche is used?
Move #2: Establishing a Niche

How would you know which

of the four ways you can establish a
niche in your research? Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier
research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
 CHECKPOINT 1.0
1.What are the first to moves discussed? (10 pts)
2.What are the three steps in establishing a territory?
Counter-claiming
(15
pts) The author refutes or challenges earlier
research by making a counter-claim. For
3.What are the four ways to establish a niche?
example: (20 pts)
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
Move #3: Occupying a Niche.
In this move, the author turns the niche established in Move 2
into the research space that he or she will fill; that is, the author
demonstrates how he or she will substantiate the counter-
claim made, fill the gap identified, answer the question(s)
asked, or continue the research tradition. The author makes
Counter-claiming
this move in several steps, described below The author refutes or challenges earlier
research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
Move #3: Occupying a Niche.
Step 1A: Outlining Purposes
The author indicates the main purpose(s) of the current article.
For example:
"In this article I argue ..."
"The present research tries to clarify ..."

Step 1B: Announcing Present Research

Counter-claiming
The author describes the research in the current article. The author refutes or challenges earlier
For example: research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"This paper describes three separate studies conducted between
"While JonesMarch 2008X and
and Riley believe
January 2009." method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
Move #3: Occupying a Niche.
Step 2: Announcing Principal Findings
The author presents the main conclusions of his or her research.

For example:
"The results of the study suggest ...”
"When we examined X, we discovered ..." Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier
research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
Move #3: Occupying a Niche.
Step 3: Indicating the Structure of the Research Article
The author previews the organization of the article.

For example:
"This paper is structured as follows ..." Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier
research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
How you occupy research niches below? Create
your own sentence. (10 pts each)
1. Another limitation of known studies is that all were fully
reviewed on higher education setting.
2. Restrictions brought by limited and few numbers of
experimental samples gives more room for investigation.
3. Little has been investigated on the effect of Counter-claiming
this
technologically-based teaching strategy to earth science
The author refutes or challenges earlier
course. research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
 GENERALIZATION
CHECKPOINT
What are the three moves discussed?
Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier
research by making a counter-claim. For
Provide one way to do it.
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
 GRADED
PERFORMANCE 1
1. us

Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier
research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
 ASSIGNMENT
Complete your Chapter 1 with the following parts, following the
format of your approved target journal of publication:
1. Introduction,
2. Statement of Objective(s)/Problem(s),
3. Hypothesis, and Counter-claiming
The author refutes or challenges earlier
4. Significance. research by making a counter-claim. For
example:
"While Jones and Riley believe X
method to be accurate, a close
examination demonstrates their
method to be flawed."
 References
• Swales, J., & Najjar, H. (1987). The writing of research article
introductions. Written communication, 4(2), 175-191.
• Zepernick, J. (n.d.). 10 tips for writing an effective introduction to original
research papers.
https://thinkscience.co.jp/en/articles/effective-introductions-to-original-researc
h

• Santiago, C.M., Balic, A.G., Santos, I., Paragas, J.B., & Estrada, L.A. (2021).
Flipped Learning In Teaching Senior High School Earth Science: Comparative
Analysis On Concept Mastery Against Lecture Method. European Scholar
Journal, 2(5), 147-154. Retrieved from
https://www.scholarzest.com/index.php/esj/article/view/740