PRESENTATION STRATEGIES

Presentation can be defined as an activity of exhibiting something. It is a formal verbal

communication that may consist of a speech given to a group of persons; the speech may be
accompanied by live demonstration, often using audio-visual equipment. Presentation is used
to present products, concepts, findings, reports, techniques, or, in general, any relevant
information. Presentations are made with a definite purpose, which may be to sell a product,
to demonstrate the working of a product already sold, to explain a new technique of
performing a task, etc.
Most of the presentations involve business-related communication, wherein a
prepared speech is delivered to a small audience on a specific subject related to the
business activity of the organisation. It could be a product, a technique, a report, etc. The
speech needs to be precise, formal, to the point, short, and simple. The presentation should be
effective in achieving its purpose. In today's business environment, presentations are very
common; hence managers should be adept at making effective presentations, which require
in- depth knowledge of the subject, confidence, oratorical skills, and an ability to present facts
logically. A good presenter should be a good speaker.
Presentation skills are absolutely necessary for professionals of every field
because in today's times, every professional is called upon to make a presentation
quite often. One should be able to make presentations to different groups different in terms of
the field of knowledge, extent of knowledge, grasp, hierarchy, gender, age, and so on.
Following are some of the skills required for a good presentation:
1) Selecting the proper structure of presentation
2) Making an effective speech.
3) Using audio-visual equipment effectively by selecting proper material to be displayed.
4) Demonstration skills are necessary to be acquired in order to convey the message
effectively to the audience and achieve the intended purpose.

Prerequisites/Elements of Effective Presentation Prerequisites of are effective presentation are

as follows:
1)Presenter: The presenter, himself/herself, is the main element of a presentation. On
him/her rests the quality and success of the presentation. An effective presenter plans well and
prepares extensively. He/she is fully aware that it is necessary to rehearse the presentation
with all its physical and psychological inputs.
2)Purpose: The presenter should think about the purpose of the presentation, which could be
one or more of the following:
i) Selling some product or persuading listeners to opt for a particular action, which they
may not be inclined to buy.
ii) Introducing a new concept or elaborate upon a business opportunity.
iii)Obtaining feedback from listeners on whether a new proposal is worth accepting, whether
a plan of action is worth implementing, or whether a purchase is worth
executing.
iv)Seeking solutions to problems or gaining insight into the minds of listeners with regard
to how they view these problems.
v) Creating awareness about an issue, a new technology or new projects the
organisation is about to embark upon without expecting any reaction from the audience.
vi)Informing about changes in work culture and providing motivation and training that may
be necessary in that regard.

3) Audience: It is essential to collect as much as possible information about the audience

because even the best of contents will fail to deliver, if it is not in tune with the audience's
capabilities to receive and assimilate the message. The language of the presentation should be
comfortable to the audience. Other factors like the audience's knowledge level, needs, traits,
attitudes, position in hierarchy and educational background should be considered while
preparing a presentation. When there is diversity in the audience with regard to these factors,
the challenge before the presenter is to prepare the presentation to match the average level of
the audience. A good presenter can make a presentation that the audience can relate to and
find interesting.

Therefore, when there is variation in the attributes of the listeners, the priority for the
presenter is to base the presentation on the purpose and goal of the presentation and then, to
the extent possible, cater to the diversity in the audience.
Factors Affecting Presentation
Following are the factors that affect the effectiveness of a presentation:
1)Audience Evaluation: A precise assessment of the audiences' attributes helps the
presenter to prepare a presentation that matches these attributes, and thus, makes the
presentation effective.

2)Environment: The environment of the presentation room affects the receptivity and mood
of the audience. The environment has a subtle influence on the mind of the listeners. Hence,
factors like lighting, quality of audio-visual effects, air-conditioning, etc., affect the
effectiveness of a presentation.

3)Presenter's Appearance: For an effective presentation, the presenter needs to present

himself/herself in a decent and appealing manner, which means the presenter should be well
dressed and well groomed.

4)Use of Visuals: Good-quality visuals increase the effectiveness of a presentation. Various

researches have shown that use of modern audio-visual equipment increases the receptivity of
the audience and the credibility of the presenter. However, before beginning the presentation,
it should be ensured that the equipment is in good working condition.

5)Opening and Closing of Presentation: The first impression is the last impression.
Hence, the presenter should make the beginning of the presentation effective by using
interesting relevant anecdotes, humour, etc. Also, the conclusion of the presentation should be
such that the audience leave the presentation venue with a sense of satisfaction and a lasting
impression of the message that was intended to be conveyed.

6)Organised Presentation: Well-organised content of a presentation makes the

presentation more effective. The content should be logically sequenced, and transition from
one idea to the other, from one section to the other should be smooth and without jerks.
Emphasis on various topics should be judiciously decided.
7)Language and Words: Language is the verbal medium used for communicating. For a
communication to be effective, the language should be understandable by the audience. The
selection of words, phrases, idioms, figure of speech, proverbs should be such as to touch the
heart and intellect of the audience, which results in increase of receptivity on the part of
audience.

8)Quality of Voice: Appropriate variation in tone, volume, and other voice parameters make
a presentation interesting and effective. On the other hand, lack of voice modulation makes a
presentation dull and ineffective.

9)Body Language: Body language has a subtle effect on the quality of presentations. A
nervous speaker avoids eye contact and is more likely to read out the speech and
consequently makes the presentation ineffective. A confident speaker uses bodily movements
to his advantage and thus makes the presentation effective and impressive.

10)Handling Question-and-Answer Sessions: The question-and- answer (Q&A)

session that follows a presentation, although positioned at the end of a presentation, can spoil
the effectiveness of a presentation, if not handled properly. Preparedness of the presenter in
terms of the content, ability to handle challenging questions, and composure during Q&A
session has an effect on the effectiveness of the presentation.

Format of Presentation
A presentation should be made sequentially and can be said to consist of six steps:
11)Icebreaker: An icebreaker is an extremely helpful method to begin a presentation.
It is something that helps do away with awkwardness or anxiety between people.It may either
comprise a series of PowerPoint slides which arouses the audience's curiosity or, better yet,
the speaker may get the audience to involve in the presentation itself in some way.

2)Opening: The opening remarks at the beginning of a presentation introduce the subject of
the presentation to the audience and state the presentation objectives. A
short statement of the main points to be covered is given to the audience. This helps orient the
audience appropriately to the subject of the presentation and recognise the areas it will cover
as well as those it will leave behind.

3)New Idea - Its Need: If a presentation is planned to suggest a completely new idea to an
audience, it should be done in such a way so as to ensure that the audience is receptive to it
and the presenter makes the audience feel involved.

4)Idea: The central idea of a presentation forms its crux, around which the other peripheral
points revolve. This idea should be so forceful that it should make the audience sit up while
paying attention and noticing the areas for discussion to be held post-presentation.

5)Results/Benefits: This part of a presentation summarises the significance of the ideas

that had heretofore been discussed with the audience. It enables the audience to analyse the
ideas discussed in with their needs and concerns.

6)Conclusion: This is the last stage of a presentation. The concluding remarks of

presentation comprise the judgements or decisions arrived at by both the presenter and the
audience based on all the discussions done in the presentation before its end.
Types of Presentation Presentations can be of the following types:
7)On the Basis of Purpose: On the basis of purpose, presentation can be of following types:
i) Monologue Presentation: Monologue presentations involve a speaker speaking
continuously without being disturbed and, only at the very end, replying audience questions.
The speaker of a monologue presentation must prepare the contents of his speech beforehand
keeping both the topic of the presentation and the audience in mind.
ii) Guided Discussion:
A guided discussion is like a guided tour where the speaker acts as a guide to the
audience and takes them on a tour with regard to the subject of discussion. The speaker acts
like an expert guide who shows the audience the salient features of the topic being discussed.
In a guided discussion, the questions raised or issues analysed are those which both speaker
and audience have agreed on beforehand. Guided
discussion works at its best when the audience too has knowledge of the subject. The task of
the speaker, then, becomes merely to supplement, i.e., to complete or enhance the knowledge
of the audience using his expertise and specialised knowledge. Guided discussions are better
than monologue
presentations in the following ways:
a) They involve greater audience participation.

b) The analysis involved is much more detailed.

c)There is more commitment to finding solutions to problems discussed or issues raised.

The disadvantage of guided discussions is that they take up more time than monologue
presentations.
iii) Sales Presentation:
The purpose of sales presentations is to inform the target audience regarding certain
products or services or some new ideas. In a sales presentation, the speaker tries to convince
his audience to buy his products or services by talking to them, raising their curiosity,
encouraging them to ask questions. This helps them to clear their negative notions about the
products or services and finally assist the customer in decision-making about the buying of
the product or service.
iv) Persuasive Presentation:
A person making a persuasive presentation wishes to induce his listeners to agree with his
proposals. A successful persuasive presentation offers a solution to a heated disagreement,
argument, or an unwelcomed or harmful situation by presenting enough logic, evidence, and
emotion to bring its audience to consent to its thinking.
v) Energising Presentation:
An energising presentation is meant to encourage its audience to take action to accomplish a
certain objective. A successful energising presentation must make its audience to do
something instead of just thinking about it. The speaker should first try to win over the
audience perspectives or viewpoints; he must make them embrace with zeal.
To make an energising presentation, the speaker needs to employ the art of effective
speaking in the best possible way, e.g., by using figures of speech and other
devices in order to convey his message. It would also be extremely helpful if the speaker
himself has immense charisma.
vi) Informative Presentation: Information exchange, (i.e., the purpose of informative
presentations), can take place in many ways. It could be through a direct presentation, a
seminar, a workshop, a conference, a meeting or a talk addressed to a group of people within
or outside one's own organisation. In the world of business, presentations are made by
supervisors to subordinates at different organisational levels to pass on or exchange
information regarding organisation's products, services or procedures.
vii) Goodwill Presentation:
If someone from an organisation or company makes a goodwill presentation to an
audience, its purpose is to build goodwill, i.e., to earn the trust of the members of the audience
and also earn regard for the organisation and its product not only from the members of the
audience, but also from one's own colleagues, supervisors and subordinates in the company.
Goodwill presentations, often made in the form of speeches take place after dinner, are meant
to be amusing or enjoyable.
viii) Training Presentation:
A training presentation can be on a topic which enables an audience to develop new
abilities or help them learn to perform a new task, such as operating unfamiliar equipment. It
gives its audience the opportunity to participate actively in the presentation by trying out the
product live, practice working on the product and provide feedback so that mistakes can be
corrected.
On the Basis of Number of Persons: On the basis of number
of persons, presentation can be of following types:
1) Individual Presentation: An individual presentation
is one made by a single
person. In this kind of presentation, the person may speak about the details of some
work he has done in summary fashion. Individual presentations can be made in a number of
possible situations, i.e., a small classroom, in the workplace, as part of a comprehensive
lecture, in a team meeting or in a one-to-one tutorial.

ii) Work-Team Presentation/Group Presentation: Group presentations involve

not just a single speaker but many participants. They are often better than individual
presentations since not just one but many perspectives come into play and interact with each
other. While preparing to make a group presentation, each participant
should be given enough time to get ready with his points, encourage diverse viewpoints on
certain matter or issue so that the best of them or even a combination of them can be used on
the final day.
Let each speaker present that section of the presentation for which he has the talent
and ensure that the overall presentation appears as a coherent whole, even though different
parts of it are presented by different people.
3) On the Basis of Medium of Delivery: On the basis of medium of
delivery, presentation can be of following types: 1) Written Presentation: Presentations
in which written or printed words are read by the audience are called a written presentation.
They include more or less any presentation which requires an audience to read the content,
e.g., presentations in the form of pamphlets, brochures, etc.

ii) Oral Presentation: An oral presentation involves a presenter actually speaking to

an audience in order to present his ideas and points of view. It is not an oral report. The crucial
part of the word is "present". The presenter should be able to confidently "be present" before
his audience and have an extremely good grasp over his subject matter so as to make his
presentation both educative and entertaining.
Introduction of Presentation:
The introduction comprises the porch or the opening statement, aim, and the layout.
The porch can be a question, a sincere greeting, or a starting statement. This catches the
attention of your audience and prepares them to listen to the rest of your presentation.
Depending upon the topic, you can use a quotation, a statement, or even an anecdote to grab
the attention of the audience, For example, if you deliver a presentation on the topic The New
Performance Appraisal System, you can begin your presentation with the question: "What are
the benefits of the newly introduced performance appraisal system?" or with the statement,
'The new performance appraisal has brought in a lot of changes"
Imagine that you are giving a presentation on the topic "The Role of Emotional
Intelligence in Developing Leadership Skills'. You can start your presentation with an
anecdote similar to the one given below:
On Friday, when I was attending a meeting, I could barely control my open
appreciation of Ms. Veena, the Chairperson. You may wonder why. I will tell you now.
She was able to resolve the conflict between two participants amicably simply by using
intelligence to understand their emotions. Yes, friends, in today's business world,
emotional intelligence plays a very important role in cultivating various skills-leadership skill
is one among them.
After the porch, state clearly and precisely the purpose of your presentation.
For instance, it can be as pointed as this-One reason brings me here today: to inform
you about our new performance appraisal system.' End your introduction by giving an
overview or road map of your presentation. A good introduction is a vehicle to lead the
audience into the main body of the speech. Consider the following example:

I am here to brief you about the details of this appraisal system. I will start by giving a
brief idea about the earlier system and then proceed to discuss the highlights of the new
system.
After giving a preview, make sure that you provide a smooth transition to the main
body of the speech.
Among the highlights, let me begin with the most important one, that is, the frequency
of appraisal.

Main body:
The main body, the discussion, or the text part follows the subsequent to intro- duction
and supports your aim or specific purpose. The major points you high- lighted in your
opening will be expanded upon here. Depending upon your topic, and your introduction, you
can choose from any of the following patterns to organize the main body of your speech.
 Chronological presentation:
You can have this pattern for organizing the details which you can arrange sequentially
(in the order in which the events occurred or appeared before you). The entire presentation
can be arranged chronologically. This method is useful for topics like 'the profile of your
institute', 'the changing face of the carth', and 'history of sports'.
 Categorical presentation:
This is one of the easiest and most commonly adopted patterns for many topics. The
entire presentation can be divided into various topics and sub-topics arranged on the basis of
subordination and coordination. This can be used for topics like 'the role of advertising',
'environmental protection', 'importance of professional presentation', etc.
  Cause and effect presentation:
You can adopt this method whenever there exists a cause and effect relationship. Here
you have to illustrate and explain the causes of the situation and then focus on the effects. It is
relevant for topics like 'impact of cinema on children', 'internet-boon or bane', 'smoking in
children', etc.
 Problem-solution presentation:
Here you divide the presentation into two parts. In the first part describe and analyse
the cause and effect of the problem. After the analysis you move on to the
main objective of your presentation to suggest or propose a to the problem. It is a very
helpful and effective way for persuasive presentation. For topics like population explosion'
this method can be used.
You can bolster your argument or ideas by providing examples, illustrations, statistics,
testimony, analogy, or definition.
Resist the temptation to include too many points in the body of your speech.
Restrict yourself to four or five main points. You can help the audience follow your
preparation by summarizing your points as you go along. Every main point is a unit of
thought, an essential part of a speech. Each point should be clearly stated
independent of other main points. Balance the time devoted to each point accordingly.
Plan how you will bridge on link points so that you move smoothly from one part of
your presentation to the next. Make use of transitional expressions like therefore,
because, in addition to, apart from that, on the contrary, next, etc.
Internal previews, internal summaries and sign posts help not only you in
understanding where you are in the speech, but also the audience in grasping the topic better
For example, you can say, 'before taking you through the advantages of
the new appraisal system, let me just recapitulate what I had told you about the
existing one. The existing appraisal system, in a nutshell, lacks important aspects such as the
candidates' communication skills, their ability to motivate their subordinates and their
analytical capabilities. This statement would serve as an internal preview as well as an
internal summary.
Similarly, when you say, There are four advantages, as I had already said. Having
discussed the first two of them, let me move on to the third advantage, the statement would
serve as a signpost to tell the audience that you have completed two and there
are two more to go.
  Conclusions:
You can conclude your presentation by reviewing the main points. Give a signal such
as to sum up, to conclude, to review. As you conclude, remind the audience briefly about the
purpose of your presentation, which could be either to persuade them or to inform them. Tell
them what you want them to do, think, or remember based on your presentation.
Avoid the temptation to wrap up in haste or add something new in this part of your
speech.
You can also conclude with a quotation or recall the earlier story, joke, anecdote with
which you commenced your presentation to bring it to a full circle.
Very often, presentations are followed by a question period. Questions provide you
with vital feedback about the ideas that you have put forth in your presentation.
Preparing for questions, therefore, is as important as preparing for your presentation.
How does a presenter cope with difficult questions? This is every presenter's nigtmare,
but one every seasoned speaker has to overcome to emerge more con- fident and self-assured.
If a questioner tries to trip you up with a difficult question, you maintain a polite but firm
attitude. Do not reveal annoyance, but as soon as possible, divert to other members of the
audience.
It is also important that you learn how to quickly divert irrelevant questions, so as to
avoid wasting everybody's time. If any one person in the audience tries to monopolise
question time, you have to learn to handle that too by indicating that cach questioner has to be
given a fair chance.
PREPARING AN OUTLINE
An outline is a mechanical framework in which are fitted the bits and pieces of your
presentation material. It serves as a guide to show you the right path for your presentation. So,
spending time in developing an outline never goes waste. In fact you should use an outline as
your 'script' but be prepared to deviate in response to audience feedback.
Suppose you are the project leader of a team, which has taken up a project or
developing a new product for the company. You have to present before a committee
the new product, which is going to be launched in the market. This may be a 10-
minute presentation about the facilities the product offers, its functioning, etc. Your outline
can be in the form of words, phrases, or sentences:
1. Introduction
2. Product Appearance
3. Various parts
4. Functioning
5. Facilities
6. Conclusions
You may have to work out the sub-headings under each or some of these mai topics.
But as already said, you should be ready to skip or add some topics if you
audience wants you to do so.
VISUAL AIDS
Spoken words are ephemeral; as soon as they come out of our mouth the evaporate
into the air. Because of this limitation, speeches often need strong visu support handouts,
chalk boards, flip chart, overheads, slides, computers, char tables, film, etc. If a picture is
simple, clear and appropriate to its purpose an audience it will deliver its message more
accurately and quickly than a verb explanation. Ours is a visually oriented society and an
audience likes to hear as well as information.
When choosing visual AIDS select those which shoot the style and content of your
presentations. I to get visual AIDS for any point that sounds vague and requires discussion in
detail. Ensure that it is well designed and professionally generated. Do not use visual AIDS as
a verbal crutch for the speaker.
If you are going to deliver a lecture to illiterate people don't go for tables or complex
graphs instead use AIDS which they can understand for example if you are talking about the
working of the heart, make sure you show them some pictures name of all the parts use
appointer to make it clear to them about which part of heart you are discussing if you wish to
use the visual is of other organisation rather than your own, confirm beforehand the
availability of those AIDS which you need.
Here are certain points that you should keep in mind while using visual AIDS. While
delivery in your speech use your visual AIDS when needed. Is soon as you so
something to the audience, make it appoint to immediately explain it. If you have to
say something beforehand, first complete your point and only then switch over to your visual
aid. Otherwise, the audience maybe distracted from whatever you are saying.
 Understanding Nuances of delivery:
All of us have listen to more than our share of bad presentation. We have set through
presentation that were delivered so haltingly that we could not care what was
being said. We would also have come across presentations which were delivered smoothly but
which had practically put us to sleep, as the present droned on endlessly. What is it that
makes your presentation hold the attention and interest of your audience? Your manner of
presentation ,your vocal inflections, your perfectly timed pauses, official expressions and your
gestures. All these are part of an expert delivery. Dull and boring topic will turn out to be
more interesting if presented well, whereas oh really interesting topic main appear to be done
because of poor delivery. So, one thing becomes clear that is having something to say is not
enough you must also know how to say it. Good delivery does not call attention to itself. It
conveys your ideas clearly interestingly and without distracting the audience. Most audience
prefer delivery that combine a certain degree of formality with the best attributes of good
conversation that is directness spontaneity animation vocal and facial expression is and lively
sense of communication.
There are 4 modes of delivery which can be used for making presentations
1) extemporaneous
2) Manuscript
3) Impromptu
4) Memorization

1) Extemporaneous:
This presentation is bye for the most popular and effective method when carefully
prepared. When speaking extempore you must prepare the notes before hand and rehears your
presentation. There is no need to learn every word and line by rote. Your presentation will
sound quite spontaneous to the audience as after thorough preparation, you are speaking while
thinking. This is the result of proper planning and exacting practice, where you collect the
material and organise it meticulously. Let us look at some of the positive and negative aspect
of this mode of presentation.
Advantages:
1) as you have enough time to prepare for the presentation you work hard on the
theme or central idea. You can prison theme in the best possible structured way.
2) through preparation on your part makes you feel secure and you carry out your
responsibility with great enthusiasm. Adaptation is also possible if the need arises. In
other words the language of any written text does not bind you full stop you can be
flexible in your use of language.
3) the supporting material helps to present your points clearly and also adds wait to
your agreement. Appropriate selection of quotations, illustrations, statistics, etc. Help you
help you to substantiate your point.
4)your delivery sounds natural and spontaneous to the audience as it allows you to
established a rapper with the audience through more eye contact and it enables one
to move freely with ease.
Disadvantages:
5) if preparation is inadequate, you can get lost and find yourself uncomfortable.
6)if you relied too much or not cards and start reading out from them instead of just
consulting there will lose its spontaneity.

2) Manuscript:
In manuscript presentation, material is written out and you are supposed to read it out
aloud. You are not supposed to memorize the speech and then we collect it. It's there in front
of you to read. But you should be vice enough not to attempt to read a speech until you have
become a proficient reader. Unfortunately, most speakers are not good readers. They make it
uninteresting by reading in a dull and monotonous way. However, you can overcome this
problem with consistent efforts. You could may be rehearsed with a friend or colleague. For
effective use of this mode, you should have gone through the material several times before
hand till you become absolutely familiar with the text you should try to choose material
design to achieve understanding. Do cultivate familiarity with speech or text. You should
know what is written where.
Advantages:
7) it is a permanent and accurate record of whatever you have to say.
8) there is no chance of tempering with the facts and figures.
9)the material is organised systematically. Keep in mind the step-by-step
development of main points.
10)language gets polished because you can write and rewrite your material until you feel
satisfied on all counts.
Disadvantages:
1)since you will be reading from the manuscript you get less time for making proper eye
contact which is essential to feel the pulse of your audience.
2)since you are reading to the audience you cannot talk to them. There is not much scope
either for nonverbal communication.
3) adaptation is rather difficult if the need arises to give a different twist to your material.
4) in the absence of effective reading skill, you fumble over words lose your pace and
miss punctuation marks etc. This adds up to an uninteresting speech and loss of
audience attention.
5)conversational flavour along with vocal inflation takes a back seat here which is a great
asset for you as a speaker.

3) Impromptu
The impromptu mode, as the word suggest, is what use when you have to deliver an
informal speech without preparation. For example, at a formal dinner party you may be
invited to deliver a vote of thanks. Don't panic and babble something in unmethodical
way. Instead, calmly state your topic and then review the points you are to make. Support your
points with whatever examples, quotes, and anecdotes you recall at that time. Then briefly
summarize or restate your points and end with a smile. Remember, it is not difficult for you to
anticipate certain occasions where you may be asked to speak a few words. Be as brief as
possible during your impromptu presentations.

Advantages
6) You sound very natural because you do not get enough time to make any elaborate
preparation.

7) You get a chance to express your thoughts irrespective of what others think or say
about that particular topic.

8)You are spontaneous as you say what you feel, not what you ought to say.

Disadvantages
9)The presentation lacks organized development of ideas because of the shortage of time.

10)There is no supplementary material (no data, no statistics, no illustrations, no

figures) to substantiate the speech.
3)Chances of rambling are high. Various points may hang loose. . There is frequent use of
vocalized pauses.

4)The presentation may turn out to be a failure if you have inadequate proficiency in the
language you use.

Bear in mind that gaining a reputation for being a good impromptu speaker can do a great deal
for your career aspirations. It has been shown that there is a positive correlation between
communication effectiveness and upward mobility.
So do rise to the challenge!

4) Memorization
This method of presentation is very difficult for most of us. Probably only a handful
of you can actually memorize an entire speech. Usually, you memorize only the main parts
and are in the habit of writing key words on your cards to help you out through the actual
presentation. In some cases, if you wish to quote
somebody or narrate an anecdote or a joke, it's better to memorize these for your
presentations. This type of delivery stands somewhere between extemporaneous and
manuscript presentation. Speech is written out beforehand, then committed to memory, and
finally delivered from memory.
Advantages
5) It's very easy for such speakers to maintain an eye contact with the audience
throughout the presentation. non-verbal

6) The speaker can easily move and make use of appropriate communication to add
extra value to the speech.

7) It is possible to finish the speech in allotted time.

Disadvantages:
8) memorization requires too much of time.
9)there are chances of making it a dull and monotonous presentation because you go exactly
by whatever you have memorized.
10)even your mnemonic skill fails you if you have not rehearsed adequately.
11)no flexibility or adaptation is possible during the speech.
12)The speaker gets flustered if he forgets a word sentence or a whole paragraph.

Among all the four modes of delivery extemporaneous the best because of flexible nature and
its effectiveness. Hands it is always better to use this mode to make your presentation more
lively, effective , and memorable.