1

2
 Internet of Things (IoT)
 The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interrelated
computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects,
animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers and
the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
 it means taking all the physical objects and of physical places in
the world and connecting them to the internet.
 The network of physical objects
 devices, vehicles, buildings and other items
 embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network
connectivity
 that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

3
 From any time, any place connectivity for anyone, we will now
have connectivity for anything!

4
 Internet of Things: Motivation…

Sensor Low Power Capable Mobile Power of the

Cheap Tiny Devices Cloud
Technology – Tiny, Connectivit
Computers
Cheap, Variety y

5
 Internet of Things: Components
• Radios: chips that provide connectivity based on
various radio protocols.
• Sensors: chips that can measure various
environmental/electrical variables
• Microcontrollers: Processors/storage that allow low
cost intelligence on a chip
• Modules: combine radios, sensors, microcontrollers in
a single package
• Platform software: software that activates, monitors,
analyzes device networks.

6
 Internet of Things: Components…

• Application software: presents information in a usable/

analyzable formats for end users
• Device: integrates modules with app software into a
usable form factor.
• Air time: use of licensed or unlicensed frequency
spectrum for communications
• Service: deploying/managing/supporting IoT solution.

7
 Technologies and elements of IoT
• IoT’s realization depends on continuous technical innovation in a
number of fields
– From wireless sensors to nanotechnology
– Understanding the IoT building blocks helps to gain a better insight
into the real meaning and functionality of the IoT.

• Main technological requirements in areas of:

– Identification and Addressability
– Sensing
– Embedded Intelligence
– Miniaturization

8
 Technologies for IoT…
1- Identification & Addressability Mechanisms
• Needed in order to connect everyday
objects and devices
– To large databases and networks
– So that data about things can be collected and processed

• Radio-frequency identification (RFID)

offers ID functionality
– Also barcodes
• IPv6 provides sufficient address space

9
 Technologies for IoT…
2- Sensing
• The IoT sensing means gathering data from related objects
within the network and sending it back to a data warehouse,
database, or cloud.
• The collected data is analyzed to take specific actions based on
required services.
– For example, sensors in an electronic jacket
• Collect information about changes in external
temperature and the parameters of the jacket can
be adjusted accordingly.
3- Communication
• The IoT communication technologies connect heterogeneous
objects together to deliver specific smart services.
• WiFi, Bluetooth, IEEE 802.15.4, Z-wave, LTE, RFID, NFC,…
10
 Technologies for IoT…

4- Computation
• Processing units (e.g., microcontrollers,microprocessors)
• hardware platforms developed to run IoT applications:
– Arduino, UDOO, FriendlyARM, Intel Galileo, Raspberry PI, Zegbee, WiSense, T-
Mote Sky

• Software platforms:
– RTOS, TinyOS, LiteOS, Android OS, Windows CE,…

• Cloud Platforms form another important computational

part of the IoT.
• These platforms provide facilities for smart objects:
– to send their data to the cloud,
– for big data to be processed in real-time, and
– eventually for end-users to benefit from the knowledge extracted from
the collected big data.

11
 Technologies for IoT…

4- Computation
• Processing units (e.g., microcontrollers,microprocessors)
• hardware platforms developed to run IoT applications:
– Arduino, UDOO, FriendlyARM, Intel Galileo, Raspberry PI, Zegbee, WiSense, T-
Mote Sky

• Software platforms:
– RTOS, TinyOS, LiteOS, Android OS, Windows CE,…

• Cloud Platforms form another important computational

part of the IoT.
• These platforms provide facilities for smart objects:
– to send their data to the cloud,
– for big data to be processed in real-time, and
– eventually for end-users to benefit from the knowledge extracted from
the collected big data.

12
 Technologies for IoT…

5- Services
• IoT services can be categorized under four classes:
• Identity-related Services: identify objects
• Information Aggregation Services: collect and summarize raw
sensory measurements that need to be processed and reported
to the IoT application.
• Collaborative-Aware Services: act on top of Information
Aggregation Services and use the obtained data to make
decision and react accordingly.
• Ubiquitous Services: Collaborative-Aware Services anytime they
are needed to anyone who needs them anywhere.

6- Semantics
• the ability to extract knowledge smartly by different
machines to provide the required services

13
 Technologies for IoT…
7- Embedded Intelligence data processing
• Sensing and data collection, sensor data and data-centric networks
• Access, subscription and integration
• Data processing and stream data analysis
• Query and discovery
• Data classification and clustering

8- Miniaturization
• Advances in miniaturization and nanotechnology
– Smaller and smaller things will have the ability to interact and
connect
• A combination of all of these developments will create an
Internet of Things
– Connecting the world’s objects in both a sensory and an intelligent
manner

14
Internet of Things: Communication technologies
Beyond the cellular technology, the Wireless Internet
can refer to a multitude of wireless access standards

15
IoT: Communication Technologies…

16
 The IoT: Communication Technologies…
Cellular subscriptions growth (compared to population growth)

17
 IoT: Hardware Platform…

• Sensors:
– They are mainly input components
– They sense and collect surrounding information
– Basically three types:
• Passive, omnidirectional (e.g. mic)
• Passive, narrow-beam sensor (e.g. PIR)
• Active sensors (e.g. sonar, radar, etc.)

• Actuators:
– They are mainly output components
– They alter the surrounding. Some examples:
• Adding lighting, heat, sound, etc.
• Controlling motors to move objects
• Displaying messages
• and others…

18
 IoT: Hardware Platform..
Things

• We can turn almost every object into a “thing”.

• A “thing” still looks much like an embedded system currently.
• A “thing” generally consists of four main parts:
– Sensors & actuators
– Microcontroller
– Communication unit
– Power supply

• A “thing” has the following properties:

– It’s usually powered by battery. This implies limited source of energy.
– It’s generally small in size and low in cost. This limits their computing capability.
– It doesn’t usually perform complicated tasks.
– Power consumption is the main design issue.

19
 IoT: Hardware Platform..
Communications

• A “thing” always feature communications for “team working”

• The Role of Communications
– Providing a data link between two nodes
• Communication type:
– Wireline (e.g. copper wires, optical fibers)
– Wireless (e.g. RF, IR). RF-based communication is the most popular
choice
• Popular RF-based communication solutions:
– IEEE 802.15.4
– IEEE 802.11 (or Wifi), Wi-Max
– Bluetooth
– IRDA
– Near Field Communication (NFC), e.g. RFID

20
 IoT: Hardware Platform…
Networks
• The Roles of Networks
– Managing nodes (discovery, join, leave, etc).
– Relaying data packets from the source to the destination node in the network.
• Networks are a distributed system. All nodes need to perform networking
related tasks.
• RF-based Network in IoT is usually a Wireless Multi-hop Network. Some
examples:
– Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
– Mobile Wireless Ad hoc Networks (MANETs)
– Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs)
– Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)
– and others...
– Main concern: Reliability & Performance

21
 IoT: Hardware Platform..
The Internet

• The Internet serves as a wide area networking for a local network.

• The Internet uses TCP/IP. This implies that things must also
support TCP/IP.
• Gateway (or sink)
– For a practical deployment, a gateway is often needed in a network.
– It offers relaying packets between the network and the Internet.

The Internet

Data link
Gateway
Network
22
 IoT: Hardware Platform…
Protocol Stack

Thing Thing

Application Application
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
Network (IP) Network (IP)
IEEE 802.15.4 IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless
PHY/MAC PHY/MAC Medium
Server

Application Gateway

TCP/UDP
Network (IP) Network (IP)
IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.15.4
(Ethernet) The (Ethernet) PHY/MAC
Internet
23
 IoT: Software Platforms and Services
• Operating Systems and execution environments
– Contiki, TinyOS
• Relevant protocols and standards
– 6LoWPan, Zegbee, CoAP
• Architecture reference models: M2M architecture and
components
• Gateway/middleware
• Types of services
– In conventional communication networks the target is moving bits from
one place to another
– In the IoT moving the data is not the actual goal.
• The IoT is expected to facilitate providing meaningful information/actions.

24
 Components Of An IoT Ecosystem
 IoT devices
 IoT devices such as sensors and actuators are capable of
communicating data in response to a query. These devices will
be controlled externally or perform intelligent actions on their
own using the data collected from these devices. These are
often called smart objects or smart things. E.g. Sensors and
actuators.
 2. IoT Area Network
 This is an important component in the entire IoT ecosystem. It
connects IoT devices to the internet. It enables protocol
translation. Ensures IoT device interworking. It also acts as a
local data processing unit. 
 4. Core Network
 It provides the communication between IoT gateways and
applications running on the cloud. 
25
5. IoT applications
 It contains middleware where all the sensor data will be
processed.  E.g. This application can help to determine if
the parking position is empty or not. 
6. Cloud Platforms
 There are multiple cloud platforms available for IoT
ecosystems that help in data processing service for the
long term data storage. E.g. Google Cloud Platform,
AWS, Azure

26
Characteristics of IoT:
1. Massively scalable and efficient
2. IP-based addressing will no longer be suitable in the upcoming
future.
3. An abundance of physical objects is present that do not use IP,
so IoT is made possible.
4. Devices typically consume less power. When not in use, they
should be automatically programmed to sleep.
5. Intermittent connectivity – IoT devices aren’t always
connected. In order to save bandwidth and battery
consumption, devices will be powered off periodically when
not in use. Otherwise, connections might turn unreliable and
thus prove to be inefficient.

27
Modern Applications: 

1. Smart Grids and energy saving

2. Smart cities
3. Smart homes
4. Healthcare
5. Earthquake detection
6. Radiation detection/hazardous gas detection
7. Smartphone detection
8. Water flow monitoring
9. Traffic monitoring
10. Wearable 28
The Internet of Things:

What is exactly the Internet of Things (IoT) ?

Several definitions, corresponding to different

visions.

“World where things can automatically communicate to

computers and each other providing services to the
benefit of the human kind.”

IoT is a New Wireless Technology

IoT is a New Wireless Standard
IoT is a New Communication Paradigm

29
 Where is IoT?
• It’s everywhere! In our daily lives, we have become
more dependent on IoT with our wearable tech,
appliances, our cars, how we receive health care.
Smart Appliances

Wearable
Tech

Healthcare 30
 The Internet of Things: Main Concepts

NFC

Bluetooth

ZigBee WiFi

An integrated Internet
IoT scenario

31
 The Internet of Things: Applications

The Internet of Things: Application Domains

http://www.libelium.com/top_50_iot_sensor_applications_ranking/

Smart Parking
Waste Management

Eletromagnetic Monitor Smart Roads

Structural Health Traffic Congestion

Noise Urban Maps Smart Lightning

32
The Internet of Things: Main Concepts
The Internet of Things: Application Domains

Source: L. Atzori et al.”The Internet of Things: A Survey”

Computer Networks (54)18, 2010

33
IoT: Application

34
IoT: Application

35
 IoT: Application
• Scenario: Shopping

(2) When shopping in the market, the

goods will introduce themselves.

(1) When entering the doors, scanners will

identify the tags on her clothing.

(4) When paying for the goods, the microchip

of the credit card will communicate with
checkout reader.

(3) When moving the goods, the reader will

tell the staff to put a new one. 36
 Application of IoT
Connected Cows
• In the world of IoT, even cows will be
connected
• Sensors implanted in the ears of cattle
• Allows farmers to monitor cows’
health and track their movement
– Ensuring a healthier, more plentiful supply
of meat for people to consume

• On average, each cow generates

about 200 megabytes of information a
year

37
IoT: Transportation Application

38
 IoT: Applications

• Media
• Environmental monitoring
• Infrastructure management
• Manufacturing
• Energy management
• Medical and health care systems
• Building and home automation
• Transportation

39
 IoT: Applications
• Manufacturing
– monitoring product demand
– real-time manufacturing production
– manage supply chain network

40
 IoT: Opportunities

41
Source: http://blog.trentonsystems.com/internet-of-things-crosses-business-personal-boundaries/
IoT Application…

42
The IoT Applications

43
 IoT: Challenges

How to address things?

Solution: IPv6 Deployment

• The world ran out of IPv4 addresses in
February 2010
• IPv6 makes the management of networks
easier
– Due to auto configuration capabilities
• IPv6 also offers improved security features
44
 IoT: Challenges…
Sensor Energy
• For IoT to reach its full potential, sensors will need to
be self-sustaining
• Imagine changing batteries in billions of
devices deployed across the planet (and
even in space)
– Obviously, this isn’t possible
• Need a way for sensors to generate
electricity from environmental elements
– Such as vibrations, light, and airflow
45
 IoT: Challenges…

1.Technological Standardization in most areas are still

remain fragmented.
2.managing and fostering rapid innovation is a challenge
for governments
3. privacy and security
4. Absence of governance
5.Vulnerability to internet attack

46
 IoT Data- Challenges…
• Multi-modal and heterogeneous
• Noisy and incomplete
• Time and location dependent
• Dynamic and varies in quality
• Crowed sourced data can be unreliable
• Requires (near-) real-time analysis
• Privacy and security are important issues
• Data can be biased- we need to know our data!

47
 Research in IOT
 Development of a self-powered wireless sensor node to
measure the water flow rate by using a turbine flow meter
 A randomized control trial for measuring student engagement
through the Internet of Things and serious games
 Evaluating the performance of the security protocol in
constrained IoT environments
 Discovering location based services: A unified approach for het
erogeneous indoor localization
systems
 Smart energy optimization for massive IoT using artificial
intelligence

48