Plan using participatory

approaches
 PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

Participatory planning is an urban planning paradigm that

emphasizes involving the entire community in the strategic and
management processes of urban planning; or, community-level
planning processes, urban or rural.
It is often considered as part of community development.
Participatory planning aims to harmonize views among all of its
participants as well as prevent conflict between opposing parties.
In addition, marginalized groups have an opportunity to participate
in the planning process.
Planning is essential and strategic
for any organization or community.
With planning, organizations and
communities become reflexive,
dynamic, responsive, and
systematic.
A true participatory approach is one in which everyone's
perspective is considered. That doesn't mean that people can't
challenge others' assumptions, or argue about what the best
strategy might be. It does mean, however, that everyone's
thoughts are respected, and it isn't necessarily assumed that
the professionals or the well -educated automatically know
what's best. Everyone gets to participate in the planning
process, and has some role in decision-making.
 The participatory
approach involves:

● sharing of knowledge and experience

● recognizing and encompassing different perspectives
● working in teams on practical tasks
● the use of visualization and analytical tools, imagination
and drama
● an open-ended creative learning process
● the development of shared understanding and jointly
owned plans or other products
● the capacity for reflection and self-assessment
BIG IDEAS
Many low-income or minority individuals and
groups feel that they have no voice in the
society, that they are not heard even when they
are asked for their opinions.
True participation means that everyone has a
voice which must be acknowledged.
Acknowledgment also implies having
enough respect for another's opinion to
argue with it. All too often, low income or
minority members of a planning team or
governing board are treated with reverse
condescension, as if anything they say must
be true and profound. A truly participatory
process would include not only everyone
being heard, but also everyone thrashing out
ideas and goals, and wrestling with new
concepts.
ADVANTAGES OF
PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING
APPROACH
01
● Participation carries with it feelings of
ownership, and builds a strong base for the
intervention in the community.
● It ensures that the intervention will have more
credibility in all segments of the community
because it was planned by a group
representing all segments of the community.
● A participatory planning approach avoids
pitfalls caused by ignorance of the realities of
the community or the target population.
● It involves important players from the outset.
● It can provide an opportunity for often-
disenfranchised groups to be heard, and teach
the community that they have important things
to say.
● It teaches skills which last far beyond the
planning process, and can help to improve the
community over the long term.
● It can bring together and establish ties among
community members who might normally have
no contact.
● A participatory planning process builds trust, both
between your organization and the community and
among the individuals involved.
● A participatory planning process generally reflects
the mission and goals of grass roots and
community-based organizations.
● It implies respect for everyone in the community,
and thus sets a standard for community participation
and empowerment that other organizations - and the
community at large - may feel compelled to follow.
Logically, a participatory planning approach
should be effective. The fact that it includes
the views and perspectives of everyone
affected by the intervention should work to
assure that all assets and needs are identified
and addressed, and that unintended
consequences are minimized.
Finally, it does things the way they should be
done. It respects everyone's intelligence,
values everyone's ideas and experience,
and affords everyone a measure of control.
By empowering the community, and
particularly the target population, rather than
just superimposing its own ideas on a social
structure that already exists, your
organization can give substance to its ideals.
 02
DISADVANTAGES
OF PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING
APPROACH
● A participatory process takes longer.
● Education may be needed, for community
members and the organization.
● One determined individual can wreck the whole
process if he's not handled well.
● It may be difficult to assure that all the right
people get to the table. Some key people may
simply not want to participate.
● A participatory planning process takes patience
and commitment on everyone's part.
While these disadvantages present
potential or real challenges to the
success of a participatory planning
process, overcoming them may
tremendously increase the possibility
of designing and carrying out an
effective community intervention.
 LEVELS OF
PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING
Information - The least you can do is tell people what is planned.
Consultation - You offer a number of options and listen to the feedback
you get.
Deciding together - You encourage others to provide some additional
ideas and options, and join in deciding the best way forward.
Acting together - Not only do different interests decide together what
is best, but they form a partnership to carry it out.
Supporting independent community initiatives - You help others do
what they want perhaps within a framework of grants, advice and
support provided by the resource holder.
 WHEN IS
PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING APPROACH
APPROPRIATE?
 INFORMATION
● The course of action has already been decided -
by a funder
● You're simply reporting on something that's
already in progress
● You're keeping people informed so that they'll
have the information to be part of a
participatory effort later.
 CONSULTATION
● You want to evaluate or improve existing
services.
● There are limited options, and you're trying to
choose among them.
● There are technical reasons - again, perhaps
because of a funder - why only certain people or
groups can be officially involved in the planning
process
 DECIDING TOGETHER
● It is important that everyone feels ownership of the
plan.
● You want fresh ideas from as many sources as
possible.
● You can pull in people whom the intervention will
directly affect.
● There is a commitment to provide support through
the process for those who needs it
● There is enough time
 ACTING TOGETHER
● The intervention will be more effective than if it were run by a
single entity.
● There is a funder's requirement for community oversight.
● There is commitment to the development of a real partnership.
● Everyone benefits from acting together.
● One goal of the intervention is the eventual assumption of
leadership or the learning of leadership skills by the target
population and/or others in the community
 SUPPORTING LOCAL
INITIATIVES
● There is a commitment to community empowerment.
● The community has the desire and at least some of the
tools to start and run a successful intervention.
● There is a commitment to provide training and support
where needed.
● Your organization can only provide support, or can
only run an intervention for a short time
 PERSONS INVOLVED IN A
PARTICIPATORY PLANNING PROCESS
TARGETS OF AGENTS OF
CHANGE CHANGE
Targets of change are the
people for whom the Agents of change are the people
intervention is aimed or who make or influence policy or
public opinion. These include
whom it is intended to
actual policy makers, but also
benefit. That could be very
encompass people influential in
specific (e.g. teen mothers, the community at large, who can
for a job training program help or block an intervention by
aimed at teen parents) or very their support or opposition.
general.
 AGENTS OF CHANGE
A. Policy makers
● Local elected or appointed officials
● Local public agency heads (welfare, e.g.) who actually administer
policy in the community.
A. Influential people in the community
● Members of the business community
● Clergy and religious sectors
● Natural leaders, those whom others respect and listen to
● The media, or others who have a public platform
● Directors or staff of other organizations affected by the problem or
issue
 INTERESTED MEMBERS OF
THE COMMUNITY
These might include parents, youth, or school personnel, for
instance, for an intervention dealing with youth. Many seniors
have the time, the desire, and the experience to be excellent
community volunteers. People with a personal or professional
interest in the issue may also want to participate - parents whose
children have had drug problems, graduate students, retired
teachers or doctors.
 MEMBERS OF THE
ORGANIZATION ITSELF

Administrators and line staff,

volunteers, current participants, board
members, and supporters.
PARTICIPATORY
PLANNING
PROCESS
 RECRUIT
STAKEHOLDERS 01
A. Identify the stakeholders
These should always include, at the very least, members of the
organization's staff and Board and the target population. In general, it
also makes sense to include members of the community, especially if:
- The intervention needs community support or participation in order
to succeed
- The intervention affect the community as a whole
- The community is being asked to change in some way - its
attitudes, behavior, assumptions, bylaws, etc.
A. Get the word out
If you're trying to inform only specific groups in the community,
start with people in those groups you already know. They'll help to spread
the word to their friends and acquaintances, who'll pass it on further still.
They can also help you decide where to place other information so
the target groups will be likely to encounter it. Be sure that your message
is simple and clear, and in the languages that the community speaks. Be
sure also that your message appears in places where it will be seen or
heard by those subjectively concern.
CONVENE THE
PLANNING
PROCESS
02
A. Choose someone to convene the process
- Regardless of what happen afterwards, someone needs to call
people together and run a first meeting. If that person is
identified with a particular group, then that group will probably
be seen as in charge of the planning process.
- Depending upon the community, it could be important to think
carefully about who should be in that position.

A. Get the word out

An initial meeting might be open to a very large number of
people (the whole community, or all of the target population, for
instance) or to a smaller group (one representative from each of
several agencies and organizations, a few selected members of the
target group, etc.). The time, place, and tone of this meeting are all
important in making sure that people will be willing to participate in
it and in the process that follows.
MAINTAIN
THE
PLANNING
PROCESS
03
A. Choose someone to guide the planning process
- Finding the right person to fill this role is extremely
important. He has to be able to communicate well with
everyone involved, to see the big picture as well as the
details, and to deal gracefully with both interpersonal and
logistical problems.
A. Decide who will issue final approval on a plan
- If, as is often the case, the actual planning is done by a
relatively small group, there is usually a mechanism to
have the plan approved by some larger or governing body.
a. A meeting of all stakeholders
b. A diverse group chosen to oversee the intervention
c. A community meeting
d. The Board of the organization
e. A very small group - the director and Board chair, for
instance, or even just one of them
C. Determine how long the planning process will go
on
- The planning you want to do might be for a
single initiative or campaign, or might
encompass years of collaboration on working
with a large and diverse population.
- If the planning group is meant to continue,
either to furnish oversight of the final plan, or to
keep developing and changing the intervention
as circumstances and the community's needs
change, an ongoing participatory approach may
be even more important to the intervention's
success.
 THANK
YOU
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