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DC Motors Introduction, Equivalent Circuit, Types

DC motors are driven by a DC power supply. The equivalent circuit of a DC motor represents the armature circuit with a voltage source and resistor, and the field coils with an inductor and resistor. There are several types of DC motors including separately excited, shunt, series, permanent magnet, and compounded DC motors. Each type has a different equivalent circuit and characteristics, such as how the flux and torque vary with current. Permanent magnet DC motors do not require external field windings but have lower torque density, while series DC motors produce very high torque but have poor speed regulation.

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263 views

DC Motors Introduction, Equivalent Circuit, Types

DC motors are driven by a DC power supply. The equivalent circuit of a DC motor represents the armature circuit with a voltage source and resistor, and the field coils with an inductor and resistor. There are several types of DC motors including separately excited, shunt, series, permanent magnet, and compounded DC motors. Each type has a different equivalent circuit and characteristics, such as how the flux and torque vary with current. Permanent magnet DC motors do not require external field windings but have lower torque density, while series DC motors produce very high torque but have poor speed regulation.

Uploaded by

malik karim dad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DC Motors Introduction,

Equivalent Circuit, Types


Assignment

1.9, 1.10, 1.11, 1.21, 1.22


DC motors are driven from a dc power supply

Today, induction motors with solid-state drive packages are the


preferred choice over dc motors for most speed control applications.
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DC MOTOR
Armature circuit is represented by an ideal voltage source EA, and
a resistor RA.

The brush voltage drop is represented by a small battery V brush


opposing the direction of current flow in the machine.

The field coils, which produce the magnetic flux in the motors are represented
by inductor LF and resistor RF.

The separate resistor R adj represents an external variable resistor used to


control the amount of current in the field circuit.
There are a few variations and simplifications of this basic
equivalent circuit

The brush drop voltage is often only a very tiny fraction of the
generated voltage in a machine. Therefore, in cases where it is not
too critical, the brush drop voltage may be left out or
approximately included in the value of RA.

Internal resistance of the field coil s sometimes lumped together with


the variable resistor, and the total is called RF
Types of DC Motors
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC
MOTORS
The equivalent circuit of a separately excited dc motor is shown in
Figure
SHUNT DC MOTORS

The equivalent circuit of a shunt dc motor is shown in Figure


A shunt dc motor is a motor whose field circuit gets its power directly
across the armature terminals of the motor.

When the supply voltage to a motor is assumed constant, there is no


practical difference in behavior between these two machines.
PERMANENT-MAGNET DC MOTOR

A permanent-magnet dc (PM DC) motor is a dc motor whose


poles are made of permanent magnets

Permanent-magnet dc motors offer a number of benefits


compared with shunt dc motors in some applications.

Since these motors do not require an external field circuit, they do not have
the field circuit copper losses associated with shunt dc motors.

Because no field windings are required, they can be smaller than


corresponding shunt dc motors.
PMDC motors are especially common in smaller fractional- and sub
fractional-horsepower sizes, where the expense and space of a separate
field circuit cannot be justified.

PMDC motors also have disadvantages.

Permanent magnets cannot produce as high a flux density as an externally


supplied shunt field, so a PMDC motor will have a lower induced torque
tind per ampere of armature current lA than a shunt motor of the same size.
In addition, PMDC motors run the risk of demagnetization.

In a PMDC machine, the pole flux is just the residual


flux in the permanent magnets.

If the armature current becomes very large, there


is some risk that the armature mmf may demagnetize the
poles,.

Demagnetization may also be caused by the excessive heating


which can occur during prolonged periods of over load.
SERIES DC MOTOR

A series dc motor is a dc motor whose field windings consist of a


relatively few turns connected in series with the armature circuit.
The equivalent circuit of a series dc motor is shown in Figure
The basic behavior of a series dc motor is due to
the fact that the flux is directly proportional to the armature current,
at least until saturation is reached.

As the load on the motor increases, its flux increases too


The torque in the motor is proportional to the square of its armature
current.

As a result of this relationship, it is easy to see that a series motor gives


more torque per ampere than any other dc motor.

It is therefore used in applications requiring very high torques


COMPOUNDED DC MOTOR

A compounded dc motor is a motor with both a shunt and a


series field. Such a motor is shown in Figure
If current flows into the dots on both field coils, the
resulting magnetomotive forces add to produce a larger total
magnetomotive force. This situation is known as
cumulative compounding

If current flows into the dot on one field coil and out of the
dot on the other field coil , the resulting magnetomotive forces
subtract. This situation is known as differential
compounding.

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