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System of Particles and Rotational Motion Part 2 CH7

The document discusses rotational motion and related concepts. It defines angular momentum as the product of the perpendicular distance from an axis of rotation and linear momentum. Moment of inertia depends on mass distribution and measures resistance to changes in rotational motion. The radius of gyration is the distance from the axis where whole mass concentrated would give the same moment of inertia. Angular momentum is conserved when net external torque is zero. Torque is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum and work done by torque causes angular displacement.

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Rishab Sharma
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133 views

System of Particles and Rotational Motion Part 2 CH7

The document discusses rotational motion and related concepts. It defines angular momentum as the product of the perpendicular distance from an axis of rotation and linear momentum. Moment of inertia depends on mass distribution and measures resistance to changes in rotational motion. The radius of gyration is the distance from the axis where whole mass concentrated would give the same moment of inertia. Angular momentum is conserved when net external torque is zero. Torque is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum and work done by torque causes angular displacement.

Uploaded by

Rishab Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND

ROTATIONAL MOTION
• Equilibrium of a rigid body
• Angular momentum
• Moment of Inertia
• Radius of gyration
• Moment of inertia for simple geometrical objects
• Conservation of angular momentum and its applications
• Relation between angular momentum and moment of Inertia
• Relation between Torque and Moment of Inertia
• Work done by Torque
• Comparison of Linear and Rotational motions
Equilibrium of a Rigid Body
 A rigid body is said to be in mechanical equilibrium if both
the linear momentum and angular momentum of the rigid
body remain constant with time.
 A body under the action of several forces will be in
equilibrium, if it possesses the following two equilibria
simultaneously:
 (i)Translational equilibrium:
 The resultant of all the external forces acting on a body
must be zero.
 ∑ Fext = 0
 ∑ Fx = 0, ∑ Fy = 0 ∑ Fz = 0
 (ii)Rotational equilibrium:
 The resultant of torques due to all the forces acting on the
body about any point must be zero.
 Net torque = 0.
Angular momentum(L):
 Consider a particle of mass m and linear momentum p at a
position r relative to the origin O.
 The angular momentum L of the particle with respect to the
origin O is defined to be L = r x p
L = r p sinθ
L = (r sinθ) p
L = r (p sinθ)
Where r sinθ is the perpendicular distance of the
directional line of p from the origin,
p sinθ is the component of p in a direction perpendicular to r
 L depends on p, r and angle between them.
 The S.I unit of L is Kgm2s-1 and CGS unit is gcm2s-1 .
 Angular momentum is a vector.
Relation between Torque and Angular momentum

 The torque acting on a particle is equal to its rate of change of angular


momentum.
Moment of Inertia(I)
 The moment of inertia of a rigid body about a fixed axis is defined as
the sum of the products of the masses of the particles constituting the
body and the squares of their respective distances from the axis of
rotation.
 Consider a rigid body rotating with
uniform angular velocity ω about
a vertical axis through O.
 The body consists of n particles
of masses m1, m2, m3, …..mn
situated at r1,r2,r3,…….rn respectively
from the axis of rotation.
 The moment of inertia of the body
about the axis OZ is given by
I = m1r12 + m2r22 + …….+ mnrn2

I= mi ri2
Moment of Inertia………

 The S.I unit of moment of inertia is kgm2 and its


CGS unit is gcm2 .
 It is a scalar quantity.
 Moment of inertia is rotational analogue of mass.
 Factors on which moment of inertia depends:

 (i) mass of the body


 (ii) Size and shape of the body
 (iii) Distribution of mass about the axis of rotation
 (iv) Position and orientation of the axis of rotation
w.r.t. the body.
Relation between Rotational K.E. and Moment of Inertia

 Consider a rigid body, of n particles, rotating with a


uniform angular velocity.
 Their linear velocities are
v1 = r1ω, v2 = r2ω, …….vn = rnω
 The total kinetic energy of rotation of the body about the
axis OZ is
Rotational K.E = (1/2)m1v12 + (1/2)m2v22 + ……(1/2)mnvn2
= (1/2)m1 r12 ω2 + (1/2)m2 r22 ω2 + … + (1/2)mn rn2 ω2
= (1/2)[m1 r12 + m2 r22 + ……+ mn rn2 ] ω2
= (1/2)(∑ mr2 ) ω2
= (1/2) I ω2

 So Rotational K.E = (1/2) I ω2


Radius of gyration(k)
 The radius of gyration of a body about its axis of rotation is
defined as the distance from the axis of rotation at which, if
the whole mass of the body were concentrated, its moment
of inertia about the given axis would be the same as with
the actual distribution of mass.
 Suppose a rigid body consists of
n particles of mass m each,
situated at distances r1, r2, ….rn
from the axis of rotation AB.
 The moment of inertia of the body
about the axis AB is
Radius of gyration……
 Where M = m x n = total mass of the body.
 If k is the radius of gyration about the axis AB, then I = Mk2

 The radius of gyration of a body about an axis of rotation may also


be defined as the root mean square distance of its particles from
the axis of rotation.
 k depends on (i) Position and direction of the axis of rotation
(ii) Distribution of mass about the axis of rotation.
 k has the dimensions of length L and is measured in metre or cm.
Moments of Inertia of some regular shaped bodies
Conservation of angular momentum
 When the net external torque acting on a body is zero, the
total angular momentum of the body is constant. This is the
law of conservation of angular momentum.
 Suppose the external torque acting on a rigid body due to external
force is zero, Then
Torque = dL/dt = 0
Hence, L= constant
Iω = constant
I1 ω 1 = I2 ω 2

 Illustrations of the law of conservation of angular


momentum:
 (i) Planetary motion
The angular velocity of a planet revolving in an elliptical orbit around
the sun increases, when it comes closer to the sun because its
moment of inertia about the axis through the sun decreases. When it
goes far away from the, its moment of inertia increases and hence
angular velocity decreases so as to conserve angular momentum.
ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM……
 (ii) An ice-skater or a ballet dancer can increase her angular
velocity by folding her arms and bringing the stretched leg close
to the other leg.
 (iii) A diver jumping from a spring board exhibits somersaults in
air before touching the water surface.
 (iv) A man carrying heavy weights in his hands and sitting in a
rotating turn-table can change the angular speed of the turn-
table.
Relation between Angular momentum and Moment of Inertia
 The angular momentum of a rigid body about an axis is
the sum of moments of linear momenta of all its
particles about the axis.
 L = L1 + L2 + …………+ Ln
= r1p1 + r2p2 + ……….+ rnpn
= r1(m1v1) + r2(m2v2) + ……..+ rn(mnvn)
= r1m1(r1ω) + r2m2(r2ω) + …….+ rnmn(rnω)
= (m1r12 + m2r22 + …………+ mnrn2)ω
= (∑ mr2 ) ω
=Iω

 Angular momentum = Moment of Inertia x Angular


velocity
Relation between Torque and Moment of Inertia
Work done by torque
 Suppose a body undergoes an
angular displacement ∆θ
under the action of a
tangential force F.
Work done by torque………
Comparison of Linear and Rotational motions
Comparison of Linear and Rotational motions ………
THE END OF THE CHAPTER - 7

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