BY MOHD NAZMAN

Definition 1: ` Networks A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected by media links.
`

A node can be a computer, printer, or any other capable of sending and /or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. The links connecting the devices are often called communication channels

Definition 2: ` A network is simply a group of interconnected devices communicating with each other.

Definition : ` A collection of computers, servers, mainframes, network devices, peripherals, and/or various other devices connected to one another allowing for data to be shared and used. ` A great example of a network is the Internet, connecting millions of people all over the world together.. ` Below is an example image of what a home network or small office network may look like. ` As can be seen below, this network is setup to enable all computers and other devices with network abilities, such as the Tivo, to communicate with each other as well as share the single Internet connection.

Advantages Network ` Sharing information- this saves on expensive disk space and increases the availability of common data and configurations. ` Sharing disk resources- network allows user to access files and application program an remote disk. ` Sharing resources- access to networked peripherals such printers. ` Peer-to-peer communication ` Centralized storage and backup of information.

a)
`

Peer-to-peer network

Also known as a P2P network, a peer-to-peer network is a network that does not have a central computer or dedicated server; In other words, all computers are independent. This type of network is the type of network you would most likely find in home networks or small networks comprised of a dozen or less computers.

Client & Server Client & Server Client & Server

Client & Server Client & Server Client & Server

 No

centralized data access.

 Security

handled by assigning each resource a password.

Peer-to-peer works best with a a small number of computers.

10

b)
`

Client/Server network

A type of network setup that utilizes both servers and clients. For example, a network that utilizes a DNS server is an example of a client/server network. Most client/server networks are the type of networks you would find in a corporate or business environment.

May I have Worksheet-101?

Client

Server

12

Sure, here it is! Client

Server

13

Client

Client

Client

Server

Client

Client

Client

14

Client

Client

Client

Server

Client

Client

Client

15

 Centralized  Centralized  Centralized

data access. security. administration, record keeping,

and control.

16

17

Describe the various classification of network : x Local Area Network (LAN) x Wide Area Network (WAN) x Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).

Short for Local-Area Network. A LAN is a network that has networking equipment and/or computers in close proximity to each other, capable of communicating, sharing resources and sharing information. Most home networks and businesses who have their own network are on a LAN.

` ` ` ` ` ` ` `

Typically connects computer in a single building or campus. Developed in 1970s. Medium : optical fibres, coaxial cables, twisted pair, wireless. Low latency (except in high traffic periods). High speed networks (0.2 to 100 Mb/sec). Speeds adequate for most distributed Systems Problems : Multi media based applications Typically buses or rings topology

` `

WAN Short for Wide Area Network, WAN is a collection of computers and network resources connected via a network over a geographic area. Wide-Area Networks are commonly connected either through the Internet or special arrangements made with phone companies or other service providers. A WAN is different from a MAN because of the distance between each of the networks. In a WAN, one network may be anywhere from several hundred miles away, to across the globe in a different country.

` ` ` ` ` ` ` ` `

Developed in 1960s. Generally covers large distances (states, countries, continents). Medium : communication circuits connected by routers. Routers forwards packets from one to another following a route from the sender to the receiver. Store-and-Forward Hosts are typically connected (or close to) the routers. Typical latencies : 100ms - 500ms. Problems with delays if using satellites. Typical speed : 20 - 2000 Kbits/s. Not (yet) suitable for distributed computing. New standards are changing the landscape.

` `

Short for Metropolitan-Area Network. MAN is a network that is utilized across multiple buildings. A MAN is much larger than the standard LocalArea Network (LAN) but is not as large as a Wide Area Network (WAN). Commonly is used in school campuses and large companies with multiple buildings.

` ` ` `

` `

Generally covers towns and cities (50 kms) Developed in 1980s. Medium : optical fibres, cables. Data rates adequate for distributed computing applications. A typical standard is DQDB (Distributed Queue Dual Bus). Typical latencies : < 1 msec. Message routing is fast.

Also known as IEEE 802.16, WiMAX is short for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Acess and WiMAX is a wireless microwave technology used in MAN that provides connections up to 75Mbs as far away as 30 miles

` ` ` `

Client - Service requesters Server - Service provider Workstation - refer to a mainframe computer terminal or a PC connected to a network Network interface card - hardware device that handles an interface to a computer network and allows a network-capable device to access that network Network operating system - an Operating system (OS) designed to allow shared file and printer access among computers in a network, typically a local area network (LAN), a private network or an Intranet

` ` ` ` `

Node - active electronic device that is attached to a network, and is capable of sending, receiving, or forwarding information over a communications channel Connectivity device Repeater, hub, bridge, switch, router, modem Backbone - part of computer network infrastructure that interconnects various pieces of network Segment - portion of a computer network wherein every device communicates using the same physical layer Topology Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh Transmission media Wire, Fiber Optic Cable,Wireless Link (RF or Infrared)

Backbone

30

 A single  The

cable interconnects all workstations. cable is terminated at both ends.

31

Star Topology

32

Star Topology
 All

workstations connect to a single central hub.

33

Ring Topology

34

Ring Topology
 Backbone  Each

is a ring.

workstation connects only to two other workstations.

35

Mesh Topology

36

Mesh Topology
Net-1 Net-2

Net-4

Net-3

37

Interne t

38