Ch#1

THE NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY

• It is the study of the surface features of
land.
• It is divided into Six natural
topographical areas.
It is the study of the surface features of land.
It is divided into Six natural topographical are
 RANGES OF PAKISTAN
1. KARAKORAM RANGE: It is situated on 6000 m altitude.
. It extended from Hunza to Shyok river.
. K2 is also located here.
. Low population due to snow and high altitude.
. Nomadic and Semi nomadic way of life.
. Apple, barley and Millet are main agricultural products.
. Karakoram highway upto China.
2. HINDUKUSH: It is situated on 5000 metres altitude.
. It is connected with borders of China and Afghanistan on North and North-
Western borders.
. Tirich Mir also located here.
. Shandur, Shangla, Lawarai passess are also go through this range.
. Rice is found on terraced fields.
3. HIMALAYAS
• It is situated on 4000m altitude.
• It comprises with Lower, central Himalyas.
• It is on the medium altitude.
• Nanga parabat is also located here
• Mostly used for tourism.
MOUNTAIN VALLEYS
. SWAT Hindukush
. CHITRAL Hindukush
. DIR Hindukush
. GILGIT Karakoram
. HUNZA Karakoram
. BALTISTAN Karakoram
. MURREE Himalyas
. KAGHAN Himalyas
NORTHERN MOUNTAIN
. Agriculture is on primary and subsistence basis in terraced fields.
. Lack of infrastructure facilities.
. Wheat, rice , Apricots , barley , maize and vegetables are grown.
. Small cottage industries are much progressive.
. Limited transport facilities.
. Expansion of tourism.
Environmental, Economical and People
. Deforestation
. Overgrazing and Soil erosion
. Construction of roads
. Rapid population
. Not Cleaning water
. Lack of modern industries
. Lack of Capital
. Lack of Transport facilities
. Advancement of tourism
. Lack of basic facilities
. Low literacy rate
DRAINAGE
• The water features (e:g rivers,glaciers,lakes, waterfalls and streams).
LANDSLIDE & AVALANCHE
. Landslides involve the movement of a large mass of earth down a slope
and they can be caused by various factors including poor soil structure,
rainfall, drought, erosion, and seismic activities (earthquakes). 
. An avalanche is the movement of large snow volumes and sudden flow
of snow with cold breeze.
WESTERN MOUNTAIN
• It shows the Western mountain with following ranges:
Safed Koh Range
. It is situated upto 4712 metres and located in east-west direction south of Kabul river.
. Spīn Ghar or Safēd Kōh is a mountain range in eastern Afghanistan, which
expands into Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
. Its highest peak is Mount Sikaram on the Afghanistan–Pakistan border, which
towers above all surrounding hills to 4,755 m above mean sea level. 
. The highest. peak, Sikaram, is 15,620 ft. above sea-level.
. River kurram to south and provide route to Afghanistan.
. Kohat valley is at the end of kurram pass.
. Irrigation helps to grow Wheat, rice, sugarcane.
. The vale of Peshawar drained by River Kabul and swat and canals originated
from Warsak dam.
Waziristan Hills
• It lies in between Kurram and Gomal rivers.
• It is rich in minerals like rocksalt, sulphur, salt, limestone, gypsum.
• Bannu near Tochi and Gomal are main military centres.
• Low-lying basin bordered by hills and mountains and drained by streams.
• Kurram dam is the main source of water.
Sulaiman Range
. It lies on 3383 metres and on the west of River Indus of southern Punjab.
. It is rich in limestone, sandstone and shaly rocks.
. Takht e sulaiman is the highest peak.
. It separates Balochistan plateau from Indus plain.
Kirthar Range
. It lies on 2714 metres and located on the west of the River Indus in Sindh.
. It has no vegetation due to low rainfall.
. it is drained by hub and lyari river.
Economic Activities and Lifestyle in Western Mountain
• Lack of vegetation
• Climatic conditions don’t support farming
• Canal irrigation is not possible
• Lack of Transport facilities
• Air and rail access are limited
• Unmetalled roads
• Lack of infrastructure
• Nomadic lifestyle
Balochistan Plateau

• It is located on South west of Pakistan ranging from 600 to 3000 metres.

• It is divided in to two basins are;
Basins of Northern Balochistan
Basins of Western Balochistan
. It is highly mineralised especially Chagai hills which includes copper,gold, and
Sulphur.
. The coastal areas are divided into Eastern and Western parts.
. The eastern part is Lasbela plain which is marked gravel and sand dunes.
. The Western part is Makran coast which projects into sea.
. The important rivers are Hub, porali, hingol dasht.
. There is no major water resources and supplies are mostly depends on small
water schemes such as Karez, flood diversion and tubewells.
Economic Potential
• Crop farming and livestock are main dependency of people.
• The 67% labour force is engaged in agriculture.
• It is rich in mineralisation.
• It has a lot of deposit in Natural gas and crude oil.
• The agricultural sector also vastly lethal source in Fruit production where main
fruits are dates, grapes, apples,almonds, peaches and pomegranate.
• Vegetables and seeds industry varies the temperature and grow according it’s
suitability.
• Nomadic livestock farming is common in this region.
• Livestock products are wool, goat hair and skins.
• Gwadar , Pasni and Ormara are main region for fishing on domestic and
industrial levels.
POTWAR PLATEAU
• Potwar plateau is located in the south of Islamabad, between river Indus and Jhelum.
Potwar plateau had bad land topography. Steep (sharp) slopes, ravines, gullies and
gorges are formed due to soil erosion; there is series of low hills average height 300 to
600 metres.
• The Potwar plateau is rich in minerals like gypsum, limestone, coal, oil and rock salt.
• The Potwar Plateau includes parts of the current four districts of Jhelum, Chakwal, and
Rawalpindi. The terrain is undulating. The Kala Chitta Range rises to an average height of
450–900 meters and extends for about 72 kilometers.
• Agriculture is dependent largely on rainfall, which averages 15 to 20 in. (380 to 510 mm)
annually; rainfall is greatest in the northwest and declines to arid conditions in the
southwest.
• The chief crops are wheat, barley, sorghum, and legumes; onions, melons, and tobacco
are grown in the more fertile areas near the Indus.
• The plateau is the location of Pakistan’s major oil fields, the first of which were
discovered at Khaur (1915) and Dhuliān (1935); the Tut field was discovered in 1968, and
exploration continued in the area in the 1970s. The oil fields are connected by pipeline to
the refinery at Rāwalpindi.
SALT RANGE
• Salt Range, series of hills and low mountains between the valleys of the
Indus and Jhelum rivers, located in the northern part of the Punjab
region of Pakistan.
• Agriculture is limited because of the poverty of the soil and lack of water
for irrigation. 
• Small areas on the slopes and in the longitudinal valleys are being
terraced for irrigation using the water of lakes and springs. In the
valleys dry farming prevails.
PIEDMONT PLAINS
. Piedmont plain is an area found on the foot of mountains or hills.
. They develop a reddish colour because of the iron in crystalline form
and metamorphic rocks present in it. In hydrated form, it also looks
yellow. e.g. At the foot hills of Himalaya, South of Shiva like, such plains
are developed.
ACTIVE FLOOD PLAINS
• Floodplain, also called Alluvial Plain, flat land area adjacent to a
stream, composed of unconsolidated sedimentary deposits (alluvium)
and subject to periodic inundation by the stream.
DELTAS
. Deltas are wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment
into another body of water, such as an ocean, lake, or another river.
Although very uncommon, deltas can also empty into land.