Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter One
Introduction
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• As human needs increase continuously, there
is revolutionary change. Industrial revolution
is one of the milestones for the development
of drawing.
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• From time to time several rules and principles
are developed to utilize drawing as efficient as
possible.
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What is Drawing ?
• Drawing is a graphic language used to express
ideas. In other words it is one means of
communication.
• It is used for:
– Research and Development
– Design
– Production
– Construction
– Operation
– Maintenance
– Installation
– etc 5
Drawing as a Means of Communications
• We grasp information easily if it is
illustrated with diagrams, sketches,
pictures, etc.
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Source: http://img.stern.de/_content/53/96/539645/A380_500_artikel_500.jpg
AIRBUS A380
Details: largest passenger jet. 80m wingspan and a tail that stands as high
as a seven-storey building, carries more than 550 passengers.
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Drawing as a Means of Communications
• The v-block is to be made of cast iron and
machined on all surfaces. The overall sizes are
two and one-half inches high, three inches
wide, and six inches long. A v-shaped cut
having an included angle of 90° is to be made
through the entire length of the block. The cut
is to be made with the block resting on the
three inch by six inch surface. The v-cut is to
begin one-quarter inch from the outside edges.
At the bottom of the v-cut there is to be a relief
slot one-eighth inch wide by one-eighth inch
deep.
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Drawing as a Means of Communications
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Drawing as a Means of Communications
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Graphic Language or Drafting
• It is a form of communication that is technical
and very exact.
• It is visual language
• Utilize line, curves and symbols agreed all over
the world.
• It is economical and unforgettable than any
other languages .
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Graphic Language or Drafting
• The most common names associated with the
graphic languages are:
– Drafting: represent all graphic languages.
– Technical Drawing: Any drawing which expresses
technical ideas, including sketches, instrument
drawings, charts, and illustrations.
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Graphic Language or Drafting
• Three Basic Types of Technical Drawings
– Freehand sketches
– Instrument drawings
– Computer Aided Drawings (CAD) and models
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Freehand drawing:
The lines are sketched without using instruments other than pencils and
erasers.
Try to practice….
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Instrument drawing:
Instruments are used to draw straight lines, circles, and curves concisely
and accurately. Thus, the drawings are usually made to scale.
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Graphic Language or Drafting
• There are two principles in drawing
– Visualization
• The ability to see what an object looks like in the mind
of eye.
– Implementation
• Drawing of an object that has been visualized.
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Graphic Language or Drafting
• Study of drawing can be categorized as
– Plane geometry
• Representation of an object having two dimensions.
– Solid geometry
• Representing three dimensions of objects.
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Graphic Language or Drafting
• Present 3-D objects with 2-D media
• 2-D 3-D
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Lettering
• Lettering plays a major role in overall
appearance of a drawing and increases the
readability of the drawing.
• Lettering should be executed in one stroke as
much as possible.
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Basic Strokes
vertical Slanted Horizontal Curved
3 6
3
2
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Suggested Strokes Sequence
Upper-case letters & Numerals
Straight line
letters
Curved line
letters
Curved line
letters &
Numerals
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Suggested Strokes Sequence
Lower-case letters
Spacing
JIRAPONG
Contour || || \ / \ | )( )| |(
General conclusions are:
Space between the letters depends on the contour of
the letters at an adjacent side.
Good spacing creates approximately equal background
area between letters. 24
Space between Letters
1. Straight - Straight 3. Straight - Slant
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Space between Letters
5. Curve - Slant 6. Slant - Slant
slant
≡ slant
slant
≡ straight
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Example : Good and Poor Lettering
GOOD
For example:
DRAWINGOISOGRAPHICOLANGUAGE
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Drawing Instrument
• In engineering drawing any object is
represented by straight lines and/or curves.
These lines should be drawn as accurate as
possible by the help of drawing instruments.
• Quality of a drawing depends to a large extent
on the quality, adjustment, proper use and
care of drawing instruments.
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Drawing Instrument
• List of drawing instruments
– Eraser
– Erasing shield
– Triangle (Set-square) (450 and 300 - 600)
– Architect’s or engineer’s scale
– Irregular curves (French curve)
– Drawing instrument set (Compass, Divider, extensions)
– Protractor
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Drawing Instrument
– Drawing board
– T-square, or parallel-ruling straightedge, or drafting
machine
– Drawing sheets
– Drafting tape
– Drafting pencils
– Pencil sharpener
– Lettering instrument
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Drawing Instrument
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Drawing Instrument
• Drawing sheet US CUSTOMARY ISO STANDARD
SERIES
– made from different
materials with different
quality. Such as, paper, Size First Second Size Third series
serie serie
tracing paper, vellum, s s
tracing cloth, glass A 81/2 x 11 9 x 12 A0 841 x 1189
cloth or film. B 11 x 17 12 x 18 A1 594 x 841
– Drawing sheets will
C 17 x 22 18 x 24 A2 420 x 594
determine selection of
D 22 x 34 24 x 36 A3 297 x 420
pencil grade
E 34 x 44 36 x 48 A4 210 x 297
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Drawing Sheet
A1
A0
Drawing Instrument
• T-square
– They can be made from
different materials, mostly
from wood or plastic.
– Parts: blade and head
– two edges of the blade should
be parallel.
– The head is fixed at 900 to the
blade
– The cleanness of your T –
square greatly affect your
drawing quality and
cleanliness.
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Drawing Instrument
• Used for
– Drawing horizontal
lines
– Guiding triangles
– Position drawing paper
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Drawing Instrument
• Drawing pencils
– Most drawing pencil leads are made from graphite.
They are usually made in 17 degrees of hardness.
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Drawing Instrument
– Selection of drawing pencil
• type and quality of drawing paper
• how thick and dark you want the line to be.
– Pencil lines should be clean and sharp. They must
be dark enough for the views to be seen when the
standard lines are drawn.
– If you use too much pressure, you will groove the
drawing surface. You can avoid this if you use
proper grade of lead.
– Turn the pencil between your thumb and
forefinger as you draw a line.
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Drawing Instrument
• Drawing instrument set
– It may include compass with pen part and pencil
part, divider, lengthening bar, bow pen, bow
pencil and ruling pens.
– Dividers:- used to transfer distance
– Compass:- used to draw circles or arcs (which are
parts of a circle)
– Beam compass:- used to draw arcs or circles of
larger size.
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Drawing Instrument
• French Curves
– Used to draw irregular curves.
– It is available to align at least three points the
curve to be drawn.
• Triangles
– Used to draw lines at standard angles and by
connecting any two points.
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Drawing Instrument
• Scale Enlarged Same size Reduced
2000:1
made from different
1000:1 1:1 1:2
materials. 500:1 1:5
made with different 200:1 1:10
division. 100:1 1:20
Metric Scales 50:1 1:50
• Metric scales are divided 20:1 1:100
into millimeters. 10:1 1:200
NOTE:- USING PROPER SCALE YOU
CAN READ FULL SIZE 5:1 1:500
MEASUREMENTS FROM DRAWINGS. 2:1 1:1000
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Types of Lines
TYPE OF LINES ILUSTRATION APPLICATION
Continuous thick line Visible outlines (boundary lines)
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Types of Lines
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Borders and Title Blocks
• Borders
– provides a safety area to prevent the loss of
important information.
– approve appearance for presentation purposes
• Title Blocks
– some items standard: drawing number, sheet
number, title, company name, logo, scale, date,
tolerances, drafter, checker, supervisor.
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A Few Basic Points for a Drawing
• Should be complete and unambiguous
• Should be neat and easy to read
• Use only as many views as necessary to show
all required detail
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