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Applied III Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It defines key concepts such as order, degree, separable equations, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and linear equations. It also discusses methods for solving first order ODEs, including separating variables, finding integrating factors, reducing to homogeneous form, and using linear equations. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of first order ODE and solution method.

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Minte Mulu
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45 views51 pages

Applied III Chapter 1

The document provides an overview of first order ordinary differential equations (ODEs). It defines key concepts such as order, degree, separable equations, homogeneous equations, exact equations, and linear equations. It also discusses methods for solving first order ODEs, including separating variables, finding integrating factors, reducing to homogeneous form, and using linear equations. Examples are provided to illustrate each type of first order ODE and solution method.

Uploaded by

Minte Mulu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER ONE

ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS OF 1st ORDER
Basic concepts and ideas

• Definition An equation containing the derivatives of


one or more dependent variables with respect to one
or more independent variables is said to be a
Differential Equation.
• Differential equations are divided in to two.
• Ordinary DE –an equation that contains derivatives of
one or more dependent variables with respect to a
single independent variable.
Eg 1. 2.
3.
Cont.

2.Partial DE-An equation involving the partial


derivatives of one or more dependent variables
with respect to two or more independent
variables.
• Eg1.
• 2.
Cont.
• The order of a DE is the order of the highest
derivative that occurs in the equation.
• The degree of a DE is the exponent of the
highest order derivative term after the
equation has been cleared of fractions and
radicals in the dependent variable and its
derivatives.
cont.
Ex.Determine the order and degree of the
following
• 1.

• 3.
• 4.
 
Differential equations of a family of curves

Suppose we are given an equation containing n


arbitrary constants. Then by differentiating it
successively n times we get n equations more
containing n arbitrary constants and derivatives.
By eliminating n arbitrary constants from the
above (n+1) equations and obtaining an
equation which involves derivatives up to the
nth order, we get a differential equation of order
n.
cont.
Eg. Find the DE of family of curves
1.
2.
3. of all circles of radius r.
4. that describes the family of circles passing
through the origin
Cont.
Solution
• 1.

• 2
•
•
•
•
•
Linearity and non-linearity of DE

Def. An nth order ODE is linear if it can be written in the


form

Where the coefficients are functions of x alone.


They do not depend on y or derivatives of y.
Dependent variable and all its derivatives occur in first
degree only.
Any DE that cannot be written in the above form is
said to be nonlinear.
Cont.
• Eg. 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4. is non linear
Cont.
• Def. Any function free of derivatives satisfying a DE
identically is said to be a solution of a given DE.
• Eg. is a solution of
• Def. A solution in which the dependent variable is
expressed only in terms of the independent variable and
constants is said to be an explicit solution.
• An expression is said to be implicit solution of an ODE on
an interval I, provided there exists at least one functionthat
satisfy the expression as well as the DE on an interval I.
• Eg.is an implicit solution of the DE on an interval
Cont.
• Def. consider an ODE of order n of implicit form
• A solution of the above ODE containing n
arbitrary constants is called the general solution.
• Any solution obtained from the general solution
by giving particular values to the arbitrary
constants is called a particular solution
• A solution which cannot be obtained from the
general solution by any choice of the essential
arbitrary constants is called a singular solution.
Cont.

• Eg.1
has general solution
Particular solutions

• 2.
has general solution
Singular solution
Initial Value Problems (IVP)
• The explicit (normal) form DE

Subject to
Where arbitrary specified values at some x 0 is called
an nth order IVP.
• The values of and its first (n-1) derivatives at a single
point x0;
are called initial conditions.
• Eg1.

• 2.
SOLVING 1ST ORDER ODE

1.SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
• Def. A first order ODE which can be expressed
in the form is called separable.
• It can be solved at once by integrating on
both sides and we obtain the general solution.
Cont.
Eg. solve
Cont.
Solution

• Separable form
•
Cont.
2.Homogeneous Differential Equations

• Sometimes a 1st order DE that is not separable can be


put into separable form by change of variables.
• Def. A DE of the form is called homogeneous if is
isolated on one side of the equation and the other
side can be expressed as a function of
i.e. we can solve by substitution
Cont.
Eg.solve

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Cont.
Solution1. since it’s homogeneous
To transform it to separable form let

by substitution
Cont.
2.
3. DE reducible to homogeneous form
• The DE is homogeneous if is homogeneous.
i.e.
Let the DE is of the form
To reduce it to homogeneous form
Let
Where

Choose h & k such that


 
which is homogeneous DE
Solve by substituting
Cont.
Eg
• 1.
• 2.
Solution 1.

• choose h & k such that


Cont.
• . Substitute y1=x1u

2.
4. Exact Differential Equations

• Def. Let M, N, be continuous function of x &y.


Then the DE
• is exact if and only if
.
• If the DE is exact ,there exists such that

• To determine g , differentiate f with respect to


y and equate with N ,The solution is f(x,y)=c.
Cont.
Eg. Solve
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Cont.
Solution1.
•
•
•
•
Cont.
Cont.
2.
•
•
Cont.
Integrating Factors
• Suppose the DE is not exact, but after
multiplying with a suitable function the new
equation is exact.
• Such a multiplier function is called an
integrating factor of the DE.
Thus, .
Cont.
• Theorem-consider the DE
• which is non-exact and is exact.
• a)If , is independent of y,
then
• b)If ,is independent of x,
then
Cont.
eg. Solve
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
Cont.
Solution 1.
Cont.
Cont.
• 2.
Cont.

• Note These are note the only ways of finding


integrating factors. (Refer)
5.Linear First order DE
Def. An equation which can be written in the form

i)
ii) (*) is linear in y and but not necessarily in p(x) and r(x) ;
is called a linear first order DE.
• The general solution of the homogeneous equation ( can
be obtained

• If c=0, then y=0 is a trivial solution


Cont.
• To solve non homogeneous linear DE (*) can
be written as

• Let F(x) be an integrating factor with respect


to x only.
Cont.
Cont.
• Now, multiply (*) by the integrating factor

of (*)
Cont.
Eg1.
Cont.
2.

 
6 .BERNOULLI’s Equations (Equations reduced to
linear form)
 
• The first order nonlinear DE

i) If n=0, the DE is linear


ii) If n=1,the DE is separable.
iii) Assume then

•
Cont.
Eg1.

Solution1
Cont.
Cont.

 
Cont.
Cont.
Cont.

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