MFSM 502B Module 3 Molds and their Toxins Blanco, Antonette

MOLDS AND THEIR

TOXINS
MFSM 502B
 Aspergillus
Sample 7 spp.
Black Mold
CHARACTERISTICS
• an anamorphic genus consisting of about 250
recognized species
• highly aerobic and are found in almost all
oxygen-rich environments
• characterized by a distinctive spore-bearing
structure, the aspergillum
• first catalogued in 1729 by the Italian priest and
biologist Pier Antonio Micheli
• the epitome of spoilage fungi
• producers of several mycotoxins
• main agents responsible for mycotoxin
agricultural pollution
References:
Plascencia-Jatomea, M., Susana, M., Gómez, Y., & Velez-Haro, J. M. (2014). Aspergillus spp. (Black Mold). Postharvest Decay: Control Strategies, 267– Molds and their Toxins
286. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411552-1.00008-9 MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
 Aspergillus
Sample 7 spp.
Black Mold
MYCOTOXINS
• Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2
• the most toxic and carcinogenic mycotoxins, due to
their extreme hepatocarcinogenicity
• naturally occurring compounds that are produced from
the molds Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus
parasiticus
• Ochratoxin A
• a potent nephrotoxin
• carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunotoxic in rats
and possibly in humans
• Fumonisins
• hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic with potential
carcinogenic effects on rat and mice

References:
Perrone, G., & Gallo, A. (2017). Aspergillus Species and Their Associated Mycotoxins. Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 1542, 33–49. Molds and their Toxins
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_3 MFSM 502B Group 4
Matei, F., & Kosseva, M. R. (2017). Microbiology of Fruit Wine Production. Science and Technology of Fruit Wine Production, 73–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12- Blanco, Antonette
800850-8.00002-8
 Aspergillus flavus BAD
Sample 7
Toxin: Aflatoxin
CHARACTERISTICS
• the 2nd most common species of Aspergillus
• a mildly pathogenic, saprophytic mold
• opportunistic infections in crops
• known to produce mycotoxins
• thrive in high moisture (hot and humid)
environments
• Growth Requirement
• Min Temp: 12 °C (54 °F)
• Max Temp: 48 °C (118 °F)
• Optimal Temp: 37 °C (98.6 °F)
• Moisture: 14%
References:
Aspergillus flavus- An Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://microbenotes.com/aspergillus-flavus/#habitat-of-aspergillus-flavus Molds and their Toxins
Aspergillus flavus: the major producer of aflatoxin. (2007). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, 8(6), 713–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1364-
3703.2007.00436.X MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus
Sample 7 flavus BAD
Toxin: Aflatoxin

Food Source
• Grains
• Cereals
• Trees
• Nuts

References:
Aspergillus flavus- An Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://microbenotes.com/aspergillus-flavus/#habitat-of-aspergillus-flavus Molds and their Toxins
Aspergillus flavus: the major producer of aflatoxin. (2007). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, 8(6), 713–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1364-3703.2007.00436.X MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus flavus BAD
Sample 7
Toxin: Aflatoxin

Tolerable Limits
Philippines Standards Codex Alimentarius Other International Standards
(FDA Circular 2013-010) (CXS 193-1995)

Molds and their Toxins

MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus
Sample 7 flavus BAD
Toxin: Aflatoxin
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Aspergillus flavus
To Humans: Prevention
1. Aspergillosis • Protect yourself from the environment
Symptoms • Wear shoes, long pants, and a long-sleeved shirt
• chronic granulomatous sinusitis when
1. Is there an improvement to the good manufacturing doing
practicesoutdoor activities
implementation
bakeries after the adoption of the enhanced nutribun technology?
in the such as gardening,
• Keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis yard work, or visiting wooded areas.
• wound infections • Wear gloves when handling materials such as soil,
• osteomyelitis moss, or manure
• Antifungal medication.
• The use of medication may be advised for persons
who underwent organ or stem cell transplant
• Testing for early infection.

Molds and their Toxins

MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus
Sample 7 flavus BAD
Toxin: Aflatoxin
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Aspergillus flavus
To Humans:
2. Aflatoxicosis
• Intoxication due to ingestion
of aflatoxins

Molds and their Toxins

MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus flavus BAD
Sample 7
Toxin: Aflatoxin
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Aspergillus flavus

To Plants
1. Corn - Aspergillus Ear Rot
• a powdery olive-green
(yellow-green) mold that 3. Cotton – Boll Rot/Yellow Spot
grows on the ears of corn and Disease
then turns brown as the • Bright greenish yellow
masses age fluorescence seen on the
cotton fibres under long-
2. Peanut – Aflaroot (yellow mould wave ultraviolet light
of seedlings)
• necrotic lesions, chlorosis on
above-ground parts and lack of
development of secondary
roots, ‘aflaroot’

Molds and their Toxins

MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus
Sample 7 flavus BAD
Toxin: Aflatoxin
Prevention and Control
To Plants
1. Corn - Aspergillus Ear Rot
• a powdery olive-green
(yellow-green) mold that
grows on the ears of corn and
then turns brown as the
masses age

2. Peanut – Aflaroot (yellow mould

of seedlings)
• necrotic lesions, chlorosis on
above-ground parts and lack of
development ofsecondary
roots, ‘aflaroot’

Molds and their Toxins

MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus oryzae
Toxin: NoneSample 7
CHARACTERISTICS
• an aerobic filamentous fungus of the genus
Aspergillusa
• also known as koji mold
• commonly grow in soil and on plants and plant
debris, particularly from rice
• Used in the food industry to saccharify starchy
substrates – fermentation agent
Growth Requirement
• Max Temp: 44°C (111°F)
• Optimal Temp:  32–36 °C (89-96°F); 5-6 pH
• Minimum Water Activity: 0.8

Molds and their Toxins

References:
Aspergillus oryzae - Morphology, Usage and Genetics | Mold Busters. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2022, from https://library.bustmold.com/aspergillus/aspergillus-oryzae/
MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus
Sample 7 oryzae
Toxin: None

Food Source
• Soy Sauce
• Sake
• Miso (Soybean Paste)
• Shochu

References:
Aspergillus flavus- An Overview. (n.d.). Retrieved June 7, 2022, from https://microbenotes.com/aspergillus-flavus/#habitat-of-aspergillus-flavus Molds and their Toxins
Aspergillus flavus: the major producer of aflatoxin. (2007). MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY, 8(6), 713–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1364-3703.2007.00436.X MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus oryzae
Sample 7
Toxin: None

Tolerable Limits
Philippines Standards Codex Alimentarius Other International Standards
(FDA Circular 2013-010) (CXS 193-1995)

Molds and their Toxins

MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus
Sample 7 oryzae
Toxin: None
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Aspergillus flavus
To Humans:
1. Aspergillosis
Types
• allergic (extrinsic asthma, extrinsic allergic alveolitis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis)
• pulmonary extrapulmonary colonization
• invasive infection (pulmonary and extrapulmonary)
Symptoms
• chronic granulomatous sinusitis, Keratitis, cutaneous aspergillosis, wound infections,
osteomyelitis
2. Aflatoxicosis
• Intoxication due to ingestion of aflatoxins
Molds and their Toxins
MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus
Sample 7
oryzae
Toxin: None
Pathogenesis and Clinical manifestations of Aspergillus flavus
To Plants
1. Corn - Aspergillus Ear Rot
• a powdery olive-green
(yellow-green) mold that
grows on the ears of corn and 3. Cotton – Boll Rot/Yellow Spot
then turns brown as the Disease
masses age • Bright greenish yellow
fluorescence seen on the
2. Peanut – Aflaroot (yellow mould cotton fibres under long-
of seedlings) wave ultraviolet light
• necrotic lesions, chlorosis on
above-ground parts and lack of
development ofsecondary
roots, ‘aflaroot’

Molds and their Toxins

MFSM 502B Group 4
Blanco, Antonette
Aspergillus
Sample 7 oryzae
Toxin: None

Prevention and Control

To Plants
1. Corn - Aspergillus Ear Rot
• a powdery olive-green
(yellow-green) mold that
grows on the ears of corn and
then turns brown as the
masses age

2. Peanut – Aflaroot (yellow mould

of seedlings)
• necrotic lesions, chlorosis on
above-ground parts and lack of
development ofsecondary
roots, ‘aflaroot’