UNIT II

• Basic FIR digital filter structure

• IIR Filter design
• Properties of IIR Filter
• Characteristics of FIR filter with
Linear phase
• Design of HPF, BPF,BSF design
Infinite duration Impulse Response Filter

Physical component analog filter digital filter

H(S) H(Z)

Pass band attenuation 1. Butter Worth 1. Approximation

Pass band frequency 2. Chebyshev 2. Bilinear
Stop band attenuation 3. Impulse
Stop band frequency
 Pass band attenuation - Ap
Stop band attenuation - As
Pass band frequency -p
Stop band frequency -  s.

Ap  | H (ej) |  1 for 0     p
| H (ej) |  As for s    .
 Butterworth Filter

Order of the filter

 10 0.1 AS  1 
log  0.1AP 
1 10  1 
N .
2  s 
log 
  p 
 
1 p c 
C   1
 1 
2
 10 
0 . 1 AP
1 2N 10 0. 1

AS
1 2N  

H (S ) 
c N .
Deno min ator Factors
 Design a Butterworth filter

N Denominator
1 S+1

S 2  2S  1
2

3
( S  1)( S 2  2 S  1

4 ( S 2  0.7653783S  1)( S 2  1.8477S  1)

S
Replace  by
c
 CHEBYSHEV FILTER

Order of N 

cosh 1 


cosh 1  1 
k
s
  10 0.1 AS  1
  10 0.1 AP  1
k  p
s
   1  1   2
  1 N  1 N 
a  p  
 2 
 
  1 N  1 N 
b  p  
 2 
 
S K  a cos  k  jb sin  k
  2k  1 
K     .
2  2N 
Design of LLF filters from Analog Filters

1. Approximation Derivatives

1  z 1
S
T
1
H (S ) 
( S  0.1) 2  9
1
H (S )  2
  1  z 1  
   0.1  9
 T  
  
2. BiLinear transformation

2  1  z 1 
S   
T  1  z 1 
 
2
H (S ) 
( S  1)( S  2)
 
2  1  z 1  2  1  z 1 
S  S 
T  1  z 1  T  1  z 1 
3. Impulse invariance method

Ck
H (S ) 
S  Pk
Ck
H (Z ) 
1  e PT z 1

1
H (S ) 
( S  1)( S  2)
Take partialfra ction
1 1
H (S )  
s 1 s2
1 1
H ( z)  
1  e 1 z 1 1  e  2 z 1
Frequency Transformation in digital domain

Lowpass to lowpass
1 Z 1  
Z 
1  Z 1

 

sin w /p  w p / 2 
sin w /
p  wp / 2 

Lowpass to highpass
1  Z 1   
Z   1 
1   Z 

 

cos w /p  w p / 2  
cosw /
p  wp / 2 
 Basic IIR structures

Direct form, Transposed form

Structure of IIR filters.
1. Direct form I
2. Direct Form II
3. Cascads form
4. Parallel form

Direct Form -1

b0  b1 z 1  b2 z 2  b3 z 3  ....
H (Z ) 
1  a1 z 1  a 2 z 2  a3 z 3  ....
(Or )
y (n)  a1 y (n  1)  a 2 y (n  2)  a3 y (n  3)  x(n)
 b1 x(n  1)  b2 x(n  2)  b3 x(n  3).
Direct form I 2 order
nd
Direct form II 1 order
st
Direct form II 2 order
nd
 Cascade Form IIR Digital Filter
Structures
• Example - Direct form II and cascade form
realizations of
0.44 z 1  0.362 z  2  0.02 z 3
H ( z) 
1 0.4 z 1  0.18 z  2 0.2 z 3
 0.44 0.362 z 1  0.02 z  2  z 1 
 1 2  1 
 1 0.8 z  0.5 z  10.4 z 
are shown on the next slide
Cascade Form IIR Digital Filter
Structures

Direct form II Cascade form

 Parallel Form IIR Digital Filter
Structures
• Example - A partial-fraction expansion of

0.44 z 1  0.362 z  2  0.02 z 3

H ( z) 
1 0.4 z 1  0.18 z  2 0.2 z 3

in z 1 yields
0.6  0.5  0.2 z 1
H ( z )   0.1  1

1 0.4 z 1 0.8 z 1  0.5 z  2
Parallel Form IIR Digital Filter
Structures
• The corresponding parallel form I
realization is shown below
 Parallel Form IIR Digital Filter
Structures
• Likewise, a partial-fraction expansion of
H(z) in z yields
0.24 z 1 0.2 z 1  0.25 z 1
H ( z)  1

1 0.4 z 1 0.8 z 1  0.5 z  2

• The corresponding
parallel form II
realization is shown
on the right
Cascade direct form II
 Finite duration Impulse Response Filtrer
[FIR FILTER]

• Properties of FIR Filter

• Design of FIR filter
• FIR Filter structures
 Direct form
 Cascade form
 Linear phase direct form
 Linear phase cascade form
 FIR Filter Design
Properties
i. Linear phase
ii. Stable Filter
iii. Higher orders for Similar magnitude
response to IIR Filter.
Rectangular window for FIR Filter Design
Procedure

1
1. hd ( n) 
2   H d (e jw )e jwn dw

  N  1
 h d (n) w(n) for all n  
2. h(n)  
  2 
 0  N  1
for n  

  2 

System is symetric h(n)  h(N - 1 - n) System is Ansymetric h(n)   h(N - 1 - n)

N -1 N -1

   
2 2
3. H(Z)  h(0)   h(n) (z n  z - n ) 3. H(Z)  h(0)   h(n) (z n  z -n )
n 1 n 1

N 1
( )
'
4. H (Z)  z 2
H(z)
Symmetrical impulse response N is Odd value
N 1
2
5. H(e jw )   a(n) cos wn
0
 N - 1  N -1 
a(0)  h  a(n)  2 h   n
 2    2 
Basic FIR structures

Direct form (or) Transversal,

Cascade form,
Linear-phase Symmetric
Direct form (Tapped delay line)
Cascade direct form
Linear-phase type 1
Linear-phase type 2
 FIR Filter Structures
Obtain the direct form and cascade form realizatio n of the system function
1 1 3  1 1 
H(z)    z 1  z  2 1  z 1  z  2 
2 4 8  8 2 
Obtain the direct form and linear phase realization of the system function
1 1 1 1 1
H(z)   z 1  z  2  z 3  z 4  z 5  z 6
2 3 4 3 3

Obtain the cascade form and linear phase realization of the system function
 1 1 1  2  1 1  2 
H(z)    z  z 1  z  z 
2 3  4 