Probability

Session 3
 Addition
Theorem of
Probability
Addition Theorem of
Probability
Two events :
𝑈
Let and be any two events associated with an
experiment, then
𝐴 𝐵
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

If and are two disjoint events, then

, and
Addition Theorem of
Probability
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑈
Note
𝑃 ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵)𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) + 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )
𝐴 𝐵
(whichever is minimum);

𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵)𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0
or (according as )
Addition Theorem of
Probability
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
Note 𝑈 𝑈
𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵)𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) 𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐴
(whichever is minimum)

𝑃 ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵)𝑚𝑖𝑛 =𝑃 ( 𝐴 )
(whichever is maximum)
Addition Theorem of
Probability
𝐴 𝐵 𝑈
By De-Morgan’s law :

𝑃 ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵)𝑐 =𝑃 ( 𝐴𝑐 ∩ 𝐵 𝑐 )

𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵)𝑐 =𝑃 ( 𝐴𝑐 ∪ 𝐵 𝑐 ) 𝐴 𝐵 𝑈
 A die is thrown . Let be the event that number obtained is greater than .
Let be the event that number obtained is less than . Then is :
AIEEE 2008

0 1
Solution

𝐴= { 4 , 5 , 6 } 𝐵= {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 }
𝐴∪ 𝐵 ¿ 𝑆 {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,5 ,6 }
So,
If and are events such that then is :
Solution

𝐴 𝐵 𝑈
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐴) =1
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 )=𝑃 ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 )

So,

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
 3 2
If 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) = ∧ 𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) =
then :
5 3

Range of value of is

Range of value of is

Range of value of is

Range of value of is
Solution
3 2
𝑃 ( 𝐴)= ∧ 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )= Range of value of is
5 3
𝑃 ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵)𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑃 ( 𝐴) + 𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) Range of value of is
(whichever is minimum);
Range of value of is
𝑃 ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵)𝑚𝑖𝑛 =𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) Range of value of is
(whichever is maximum)

𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) ≤ 𝑃 ( 𝐴∪ 𝐵 ) ≤ 1
So,
Solution
3 2
𝑃 ( 𝐴)= ∧ 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )= Range of value of is
5 3
𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵)𝑚𝑖𝑛 =0 Range of value of is
or (according as ) Range of value of is

𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵)𝑚𝑎𝑥 =𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) Range of value of is

(whichever is minimum)

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 1≤ 𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ) ≤ 𝑃 ( 𝐴)
So,
Solution
3 2
𝑃 ( 𝐴)= ∧ 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )= Range of value of is
5 3
Range of value of is

Range of value of is

Range of value of is
So,
 Let and be two events such that the probability that exactly one of them
occurs is and probability that or occurs is , then the probability that both of
them occur together is :
JEE Main Jan 2020

0.02 0.01 0.10 0.20

Solution

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 )=?
Solution 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 )=?

𝐴 𝐵 𝑈 0.02
𝑃 ( exactly   one ) 0.01
0.10
¿ 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 2 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ B) 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 0.20
 In a class of students, opted for NCC, opted for NSS and opted for both
NCC and NSS. If one of these students is selected at random, then the
probability that the student selected has opted neither for NCC nor for
NSS, is :
JEE Main Jan 2019

Solution
Solution

𝑁𝐶𝐶 𝑁𝑆𝑆 𝑈

¿ 𝑃 ( 𝑁𝐶𝐶 ∪ 𝑁𝑆𝑆 )
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
¿1− 𝑃 ( 𝑁𝐶𝐶 ∪ 𝑁𝑆𝑆 )
¿1− 𝑃 ( 𝑁𝐶𝐶 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝑁𝑆𝑆 )+𝑃 ( 𝑁𝐶𝐶 ∩ 𝑁𝑆𝑆 )
Addition Theorem of
Probability
Three events : 𝑈
Let and be events associated with an experiment, then 𝐴 𝐵

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵∪ 𝐶 ) 𝐶
¿ 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) + 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )+ 𝑃 ( 𝐶 )
+𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ∩𝐶)
Addition Theorem of
Probability
𝑈
¿ 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) + 𝑃 ( 𝐵 )+ 𝑃 ( 𝐶 ) 𝐴 𝐵
+3 𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵∩ 𝐶) 𝐶
𝑃 ( at  least two  of 𝐴 ,𝐵 ,𝐶  occur )
−2 𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)

𝑃 ( exactly  two of 𝐴 ,𝐵 ,𝐶  occur )

−3 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵∩ 𝐶)
 Events are mutually exclusive such that
. The set of possible values of lies in the interval :

AIEEE 2003

Solution

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵∪ 𝐶 )=𝑃 ( 𝐴 )+𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐶 ) ≤ 1
Solution

⇒ 4+12 𝑥+3 − 3 𝑥 +6 −12 𝑥 ≤ 12

⇒1 ≤ 3 𝑥

From
If and . Then is𝑃: ( 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) =?

IIT JEE Scr 2003

Solution

𝑃 ( 𝐵 ∩𝐶 ) =?
𝐵 𝐶 𝑈

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩𝐶 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵∩ 𝐶 )

𝑃 ( 𝐵 ∩𝐶 )¿ 𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐵 ∩𝐶 )
The probabilities of three events are given by and If and where then
lies in the interval :

0.85 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 0.95 JEE Main Sept 2020

[0.36 ,0.40] [0.35,0.36] [0.25,0.35]

Solution
0.85 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 0.95
[0.36 , 0.40]
[0.35 , 0.36]
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 )= 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) [0.25 , 0.35]

𝛽=1.2 −𝛼
⇒ 0.25 ≤ 𝛽 ≤ 0.35
 There are three clubs A,B,C in town with , , members respectively. people
are members of all the three clubs, members belong to only one club. A
member is randomly selected. Then, the probability that the member
belongs to exactly two clubs, is :

Solution 𝑛 ( 𝐴 )=40, 𝑛 ( 𝐵 )=50, 𝑛 ( 𝐶 )=60, 𝑛 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ∩𝐶 )=10

 𝑛 ( 𝐴 )=40 , 𝑛 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ∩𝐶 )=10 𝑈
, 𝑛 ( 𝐵 )=50
, 𝑛 ( 𝐶 )=60 𝐴 𝐵

40 +50+60 ¿ 70
 𝑛 ( 𝐴 )=40 , 𝑛 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ∩𝐶 )=10 𝑈
, 𝑛 ( 𝐵 )=50
, 𝑛 ( 𝐶 )=60 𝐴 𝐵

𝑛 ( member   in   exactly   two   clubs )=25

 For three events
exactly one of or occurs exactly one of or occurs
exactly one of or occurs and
Then the probability that
at least one of the events occurs, is :
JEE Main 2017

Solution 𝑃 ( exactly one  of   𝐴  or  𝐵  occurs )=¿𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 2 𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 )

𝑃 ( exactly one  of  𝐵  or  𝐶  occurs )=¿𝑃 ( 𝐵 )+𝑃 ( 𝐶 ) −2 𝑃 ( 𝐵 ∩𝐶 )
𝑃 ( exactly   one   of  𝐶  𝑃or
( 𝐶 )+𝑃 ) − 2 𝑃 ( 𝐶)=¿
𝐴 ( 𝐴occurs ∩ 𝐴)
𝑃 ( all  three events  occur  simultaneously ) =¿𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩𝐶 )
𝑃 ( at  least  one  of  the  events  occurs )=¿𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵∪ 𝐶 )=?
Solution
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) +𝑃 ( 𝐵 ) − 2 𝑃 ( 𝐴∩ 𝐵 ) 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩𝐶 )

𝑃 ( 𝐵 )+𝑃 ( 𝐶 ) −2 𝑃 ( 𝐵 ∩𝐶 ) 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵∪ 𝐶 )=?

𝑃 ( 𝐶 )+𝑃 ( 𝐴 ) − 2 𝑃 ( 𝐶 ∩ 𝐴 )
Adding,
Solution
𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩𝐶 ) 𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵∪ 𝐶 )=?

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵∪ 𝐶 )

𝑃 ( 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵∪ 𝐶 )
THANK
YOU