Introduction to Human

Body Systems
Lecture 3 & 4
Rabia Shaikh
Lecturer
 Human Organ Systems
► Integumentary system ► Urinary System
► Skeletal System ► Lymphatic system
► Muscular System ► Male & Female
► Endocrine system Reproductive system
► Nervous system ► Respiratory system

► Cardiovascular System ► Digestive system.

 Circulatory system
► The circulatory system, also called the
cardiovascular system or the vascular system.
► It permits blood to circulate and transport
nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes),
oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood
cells to and from the cells in the body.
► to provide nourishment and help in fighting
diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and
maintain homeostasis.
 Components of Cardiovascular
System
► BLOOD

► HEART

► BLOOD VESSELS
 Blood
► The Blood: Blood cells & Plasma
► Blood cells
1- Erythrocytes - Red Blood Cells
2- Leucocytes- White Blood cells
3- Thrombocytes- Platelets
► Plasma is fluid portion
 Heart
► Heart is a four chambered, muscular organ
approximately the size of your fist
Location
► Superior surface of diaphragm
► Left of the midline
► Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior
to the sternum
 Functions of Heart
► Generating blood pressure
► Routing blood: Heart separates
pulmonary and systemic
circulations
► Ensuring one-way blood flow;
Heart valves ensure one-way
flow
► Regulating blood supply:
Changes in contraction rate and
force match blood delivery to
changing metabolic needs
 Blood Vessels
► Blood Vessels -A closed network of tubes
These includes:
► Arteries
► Capillaries
► Veins
 Blood Vessels
► Arteries(Distributing channel)
Thick walled tubes, Elastic Fibers, Circular
Smooth Muscle
► Capillaries (microscopic vessels)
One cell thick, Serves the Respiratory System
► Veins (draining channel)
 ARTERIES
 Blood vessels that carry
blood away from the heart
are called arteries.
 They are the thickest
blood vessels and they
carry blood high in oxygen
known as oxygenated
blood (oxygen rich blood).
 ARTERIES
► Accompanied by vein and nerves
► Lumen is small
► No valves
► Repeated branching
 CAPILLARIES (5-8 micron)
► The smallest blood
vessels are capillaries
and they connect the
arteries and veins.
► This is where the
exchange of nutrients
and gases occurs.
BODY CONTAINS TWO KINDS OF CAPILLARIES

► CONTINUOUS-SKIN, LUNG, SMOOTH MUSCLE,

CONNECTIVE TISSUES
► FENESTRATED- Leakage
► PANCREAS,ENDOCRINE GLANDS, SMALL
INTESTINE,CHOROID PLEXUS,CILLIARY PROCESS
etc.
► SINUSOIDS- Discontinous
► Large irregular vascular space (30-40 micron)
eg.Liver, Spleen, Bone marrow, suprarenal,
Parathyroid etc.
 VEINS
► Blood vessels that carry
blood back to the heart
are called veins.
► They have one-way
valves which prevent
blood from flowing
backwards.
► They carry blood that is
high in carbon dioxide
known as
deoxygenated blood
(oxygen poor blood).
 CIRCULATION
 Coronary circulation- the circulation of
blood within the heart.
 Pulmonary circulation – the flow of blood
between the heart and lungs.
 Systemic circulation – the flow of blood
between the heart and the cells of the body.
 Fetal Circulation- Oxygen and nutrients from
the mother's blood are transferred across the
placenta to the fetus. The enriched blood
flows through the umbilical cord
CORONARY CIRCULATION:
ARTERIAL SUPPLY

Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 16

Figure 18.7a
 SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
CIRCULATION
Pulmonary circulation:
The flow of blood between
the heart and lungs.
Systemic circulation :
The flow of blood between
the heart and the cells of the
body.

Figure 18.5
Chapter 18, Cardiovascular System 17
 PORTAL CIRCULATION

Portal circulation - the flow

of blood between two set of
capillaries before draining in
systemic veins.
The portal vein drains almost all

of the blood from the digestive

tract and empties directly into
the liver.
This circulation of nutrient-rich

blood between the gut and liver

is called the portal circulation.
FETAL CIRCULATION
Circulatory system
► Role: Transports
substances throughout
the body

► Circulatesoxygen, CO2
heat, water, nutrients,
wastes

► Major organs: Heart,

Arteries, Veins
 Excretory System
► The excretory system is the system of an
organism's body that performs the function
of excretion, the bodily process of
discharging wastes.
► The Excretory system is responsible for the
elimination of wastes produced by
homeostasis.
 Excretory Organs
► skin,liver, large intestine, lungs, and
kidneys.
► Each of the excretory organs “does its own
thing” more-or-less independently of the
others, but all are necessary to successfully
excrete the full range of wastes from the
human body.
 Skin
► Part of integumentary system, but it also
plays a role in excretion through the
production of sweat by sweat glands in the
dermis.
► main role of sweat production is to cool the
body and maintain temperature
homeostasis.
► sweating also eliminates excess water and
salts, as well as a small amount of urea.
 Excretory Organs
► The liver is a very important organ of excretion. The liver
breaks down many substances in the blood, including
toxins.
► The liver also excretes bilirubin — a waste product of
hemoglobin catabolism — in bile. Bile then travels to the
small intestine, and is eventually excreted in feces by the
large intestine.
► The main excretory function of the large intestine is to
eliminate solid waste that remains after food is digested
and water is extracted from the indigestible matter.
► The large intestine also collects and excretes wastes from
& throughout the body, including bilirubin in bile.
 Excretory Organs
► The lungs are responsible for the excretion of gaseous
wastes, primarily carbon dioxide from cellular respiration in
cells throughout the body. Exhaled air also contains water
vapor and trace levels of some other waste gases.
► The paired kidneys are often considered the main organs of
excretion.
► Their primary function is the elimination of excess water and
wastes from the bloodstream by the production of urine.
► The kidneys contain tiny structures called nephrons that filter
materials out of the blood, return to the blood what is
needed, and excrete the rest as urine.
► The kidneys are part of the urinary system, which also
includes the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
 Excretory System
► Role:Filters wastes
from blood; maintains
bodies internal nutrient
balances

► Alsorids body of
wastes via urethra

► Major organs: Kidneys,

Urethra, Bladder
 Digestive System
► The digestive system consists of organs that break
down food, absorb its nutrients, and expel any
remaining waste.
Organs:
► Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum and anus. Helping them along the
way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver.
► Most of these organs make up the gastrointestinal
(GI) tract. Food actually passes through these
organs.
► The rest of the organs of the digestive system are
called accessory organs.
► These organs secrete enzymes and other
substances into the GI tract, but food does not
actually pass through them.
 Digestive System
Mouth
► beginning of the digestive tract.
► In fact, digestion starts before you even take a bite.
► salivary glands get active when we see and smell food.
► When eating-----chew– pieces– easily digested.
► saliva mixes with the food to begin to break it down into a
form the body can absorb and use.
► swallow, the tongue passes the food into the throat and
into the esophagus.
 Esophagus
► receives food from mouth.
► The epiglottis is a small flap that folds over the windpipe
as we swallow to prevent from choking.
► muscular contractions within the esophagus called
peristalsis delivers food to your stomach.
► a ring-like muscle at the bottom of esophagus called the
lower esophageal sphincter has to relax to let the food in.
► The sphincter then contracts and prevents the contents of
the stomach from flowing back into the esophagus.
► (When it doesn’t and these contents flow back into the
esophagus, you may experience acid reflux or heartburn.)
 Digestive System
Stomach
► "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with
stomach enzymes.
► enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a
usable form.
► When the contents of the stomach are processed enough,
they’re released into the small intestine.
Small intestine
► Made up of three segments — the duodenum, jejunum, and
ileum — the small intestine is a 22-foot long muscular tube
that breaks down food using enzymes released by the
pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis (Muscular
Contraction) also works in this organ, moving food through
and mixing it with digestive juices from the pancreas and
liver.
 Digestive System
► The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine.
It’s largely responsible for the continuous breaking-down
process.
► The jejunum and ileum lower in the intestine are mainly
responsible for the absorption of nutrients into the
bloodstream.

► Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-

food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine,
it then moves on to the large intestine, or colon.
 Digestive System
Colon (Large Intestine)
► processing waste
► It connects the small intestine to the rectum.
► Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed
through the colon by means of peristalsis.
► Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a "mass
movement" empties it into the rectum.
► It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the
colon.
► The stool itself is mostly food debris and bacteria.
► These “good” bacteria perform several useful functions, such
as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products
and food particles and protecting against harmful bacteria.
 Digestive System
Rectum
► The rectum connects the colon to the anus.
► The rectum's job is to receive stool from the colon.
► The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be
released or not.

Anus
► The anus is the last part of the digestive tract.
► It is a 2-inch long canal.
► The lining of the upper anus is able to detect rectal
contents.
► The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are
important in allowing control of stool.
 Digestive System
► Role: Breaks down
macromolecules and
absorbs necessary
nutrients

► Liver serves multiple

functions for multiple
systems (but is
considered part of
DS)
Lymphatic System
 Lymphatic System
► Role:Works to help
maintain ciculatory
system as well as
housing cells
responsible for
immunity

► Major organs: Lymph

nodes
 Lymphatic System
► The lymphatic system is a network of tissues,
vessels and organs that work together to move a
colorless, watery fluid called lymph back into the
bloodstream.
► lymphatic system has many functions. Its key
functions include:

► Maintains fluid levels.

► Absorbs fats from the digestive tract
► Protects your body against foreign invaders:
► It is part of the immune system.
► It produces and releases lymphocytes (white blood
cells) and other immune cells that monitor and
then destroy the foreign invaders.
► Transports and removes waste products and
abnormal cells from the lymph.
 The lymphatic system-PARTS
► Lymph: collection of the extra fluid that drains
from cells and tissues - lymphatic fluid
► Lymph nodes: bean-shaped, that filter out the
damaged cells and cancer cells from lymph.
► Lymphatic vessels: network of capillaries and a
large network of tubes located throughout your
body they transport lymph away from tissues.
► Collecting ducts: Lymphatic vessels empty the
lymph into the right lymphatic duct and left
lymphatic duct (also called the thoracic duct).
 The lymphatic system-PARTS
► Spleen: largest lymphatic organ. It filters and stores blood
and produces WBC’s.
 The lymphatic system-PARTS
► Peyer’s patches: These are small masses of lymphatic
tissue in the mucous membrane that lines small intestine.
These lymphoid cells monitor and destroy bacteria in the
intestines.
Integumentary System
Largest organ of the body that
forms a physical barrier between
the external environment and the
internal environment
 Integumentary System
► It gives protection that the skin
gives to underlying tissues.
► The skin not only keeps most
harmful substances out, but also
prevents the loss of fluids.
► A major function of the
subcutaneous tissue is to connect
the skin to underlying tissues such
as muscles.
 Integumentary System
► Hair on the scalp provides insulation from cold for the
head.
► The hair of eyelashes and eyebrows helps keep dust and
perspiration out of the eyes, and the hair in our nostrils
helps keep dust out of the nasal cavities.
► Nails protect the tips of fingers and toes from mechanical
injury.
► Fingernails give the fingers greater ability to pick up small
objects.

Label and draw diagram

 Integumentary System
The integumentary system includes:
► Skin
► Hair
► Nails
► Exocrine glands
► Sensory nerves
 Integumentary System
Skin
► The skin is the largest and heaviest organ of the body.
► There are differences in the skin from one person to
another. But all skin has a few primary similarities. For
example, every person’s skin is comprised of different
types, including:

► Thick and hairless: Located on body parts that are

frequently used and involve a lot of friction (such as the
soles of the feet and palms of the hands).
► Thin and hairy: The most predominant type of hair on
the body, located everywhere, except areas covered by
thick and hairless skin.
Integumentary System
Skin
► Layers of the Skin
► The epidermis: The outer layer of the skin that makes up
its strong protective covering.
► The dermis: Located under the epidermis; most of the
structures of the skin are located in the dermis (such as
various types of glands and hair follicles).
► The fatty layer of the skin is a layer of subcutaneous
tissue, also known as the hypodermis.
The fatty layer serves many different functions, including:
► Providing a cushion for the skin
► Storing fuel for the body (in the form of fat cells)
► Insulating the body, helping to maintain its stable
temperature
 Integumentary System
Hair
► Help protect the skin
► Regulate body temperature
► Help with the nerve sensing functions of the integumentary
system
► Hair is primarily comprised of a fibrous protein and contains
a very small amount of lipids (fats) and water.
► Hair comes from follicles, which are simple organs made up
of cells called epithelial cells.
► Epithelial cells are the cells that line the organs and
function to provide a protective barrier.
 Integumentary System
Nails
► The nail plate: The part of the nail that is visible.
► The nail bed: The skin that lies beneath the nail plate.
► The cuticle: The thin line of tissue that is located at the base of the
nail and overlaps the nail plate.
► The nail folds: The folds of the skin located on the sides of the nail
plate.
 The lunula: The white-colored
half-moon-shaped area located at
the base of the nail plate.

 The matrix: Part of the nail that is

not visible, located underneath the
cuticle, this is the area responsible
for the growth of the fingernail.
 Integumentary System
Nails
The function of the nail is:
► Protection: Protects the fingers and toes from injury or
trauma.
► Sensation: Assists with the sense of touch.
 Integumentary System
Glands
The integumentary system has four types of exocrine glands,
which secrete some type of substance outside the cells and
body.
1. Sudoriferous glands
2. Sebaceous glands
3. Ceruminous glands
4. Mammary glands
Integumentary System
► Role: Protects body;
transfer of heat;
sensory reception

► Major organs: skin,

nails

► Releases sweat, and

heat from blood, to
help control body
temperature
 Muscular System
► Divided into striated muscle (or
skeletal muscle), smooth
muscle, and cardiac muscle.
► Skeletal Muscles; under
voluntary control, and that are
concerned with movement,
posture, and balance.
► Smooth muscle is under
involuntary control and is found
in the walls of blood vessels
and of structures such as the
urinary bladder, the intestines,
and the stomach.
 Muscular System
► Cardiac muscle makes up the mass of the heart
and is responsible for the rhythmic contractions of
that vital pumping organ; it too is under
involuntary control.
Muscular System
► Role:
allows for
movement

► Majororgans: skeletal
muscle
Skeletal System
 Skeletal System
► Individual bones and cartilages.
► There also are bands of fibrous connective tissue—
the ligaments and the tendons.
► skeleton makes up about 20 % of a person’s body
weight.
► An adult’s skeleton contains 206 bones.
► Children’s skeletons actually contain more bones
 Skeletal System
Differences in the male and female skeleton.
► The male skeleton is usually longer and has a high
bone mass.
► The female skeleton, on the other hand, has a
broader pelvis to accommodate for pregnancy
and child birth.
 Can be broken into 2 parts
Axial Skeleton ► Appendicular skeleton
► Consists of 80 bones. ► 126 bones in the
► It’s made up of the bones appendicular skeleton.
that form the vertical ► It consists of the bones
axis of the body, that make up the arms
► such as the bones of the and legs, as well as the
head, neck, chest, and bones that attach them to
spine. the axial skeleton.
 Function of the skeletal system
► Provide support for the body.
► For example, the spinal column
provides support for the head and
torso.
► Protecting internal organs from
injury
► skull protects the brain, while the
thoracic cage protects the heart
and lungs.
 Function of the skeletal system
Allowing for movement.
► Muscles attach to bones through tendons. This connection
allows the body to move in many different ways.
Producing blood cells.
► The soft bone marrow inside of many bones produces red
blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Storing minerals and nutrients
► Bones can store and release minerals, including calcium
and phosphorus, which are important for many bodily
functions.
► Additionally, adipose (fat) tissue that can be used as
energy can be found in part of the bone marrow.
 Skeletal System
► Provides body
structure and support

► Bone marrow creates

new blood cells for
circulation;also stores
lipids

► Major organs: bones,

cartilage
Respiratory System
► Ventilation system for
body

► Major organs: lungs,

diaphragm, trachea

► Takes in oxygen and

releases carbon
dioxide from blood
 Nervous System
► Control system of body

► Major organs: Brain,

Spinal cord, nerves

► Stimulates heart rate

and controls blood
oxygen levels
Reproductive System
► Role: Producing
offspring; regulating
sexual characteristics

► Major organs: Testes,

Uterus, Ovaries
Endocrine System
► Role: Circulates
hormones around the
body to control body
functions; maintains
homeostasis

► Major organs: Pituitary,

Thyroid, Adrenals,
Pancreas,hypothalmus
Thank you 