Highway Engineering
CEE 301
Dr. Danish Farooq
PhD in Transportation Engineering
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary, (2016- 2020)
MSc in Transportation Engineering
UET Taxila (2013-2015)
BSc in Civil Engineering
UET Taxila (2008-2012)
Course Objectives
The primary objectives of this course is introduce students to transportation
engineering principles for streets and highways with emphasis on the safe and
efficient operation of roads.
Highway Engineering
Highway engineering is an engineering discipline which
involves the planning, design, construction and
maintenance of Highway Roads & Systems, urban streets as
well as parking facilities.
Important aspects of highway engineering include overall
planning of routes, financing, environmental impact
evaluation, and value engineering to compare alternatives.
Planning Surveys
5
Highway planning phase includes
Assessment of road length required for area
Preparation of master plan showing the phasing
of plan
Economic Studies
Financial studies
Traffic and road use studies
Engineering studies
Introduction to Transportation Engineering
Highway Transportation Engineering
Areas of highway transportation engineering:
Materials used for Highway Construction
Pavement structure design
Geometric design of road facilities
Traffic operations and control
Traffic safety
Maintenance of road facilities and controls
Traffic Engineering
Traffic engineering involves planning for the volumes of
traffic to be handled, the methods to accommodate these
flows, the lighting and signing of highways, and general
layout.
Newer technologies involve intelligent transportation
systems, travel time system including advanced traveler
information systems (such as variable message signs),
advanced traffic control systems (such as ramp meters), and
vehicle infrastructure integration.
Impact of Transportation
Economic Development
Social Development
Spatial Development
Cultural Development
Political Development
History of Road Construction
Roman Road Construction
Basic cross section
Types of Ancient Indian Roads
Indus Valley Civilization :
Roads with brick drains on both sides.
Mauryan rule in the 4th century constructed
Rajpath (high roads)
Banikpaths (merchant roads).
Ashoka Regime:
Road networks with horticulture and rest houses at 4.8 – 6.4km along the
roads.
Mughul Period
Trunk roads between Northwest to Eastern part and also linking coastal and
central part of the Land.
British Period
Trunk roads, bridges, PWD was formed, construction of Grand Trunk Road.
Classification of Highways
Depending on weather
All weather roads
Fair weather roads
Depending the type of Carriage way
Paved roads
Unpaved roads
Depending upon the pavement surface
Surfaced roads
Un surfaced roads
Classification of Highways
Based on the Traffic Volume
Heavy
Medium
Light
Based on Load or Tonnage
Class 1 or Class 2 etc or Class A , B etc Tonnes per
day
Based on location and function
Urban Road Classification
ARTERIAL ROADS
SUB ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL STREET
PATHWAY
DRIVEWAY
ARTERIAL
No frontage access, no standing vehicle,
very little cross traffic.
Design Speed : 80km/hr
Land width : 50 – 60m
Spacing 1.5km in congested areas & 8km or
more in sparsely developed areas.
Divided roads with full or partial parking
Pedestrian allowed to walk only at
intersection
SUB ARTERIAL
Bus stops but no standing vehicle.
Less mobility than arterial.
Spacing for congested area : 0.5km
Sub-urban fringes : 3.5km
Design speed : 60 km/hr
Land width : 30 – 40 m
Collector Street
Collects and distributes traffic from local
streets
Provides access to arterial roads
Located in residential, business and
industrial areas.
Full access allowed.
Parking permitted.
Design speed : 50km/hr
Land Width : 20-30m
Local Street
Design Speed : 30km/hr.
Land Width : 10 – 20m.
Primary access to residence, business or
other abutting property
Less volume of traffic at slow speed
Origin and termination of trips.
Unrestricted parking, pedestrian
movements. (with frontage access, parked
vehicle, bus stops and no waiting
restrictions)
Your friend’s Termination
house Major
(driveway)
Highway
Local
Access Roads &
(local) Streets
Distribution
(collector)
Main movement
(arterial)
Collection
(collector)
Access
(local)
Origination Your house
(driveway)
Hierarchy of Movements and Roads
Trip Phases
origination (driveway)
access (local road)
collection (collector)
transition (ramp)
main movement (arterial highway)
transition (ramp)
distribution (collector)
access (local road)
termination (driveway)
Road Functions
Mobility
Accessibility
Mobility vs. Accessibility
Road Class Road Function
Freeways Through movement exclusively
Surface Arterials Through movement primary
and some land access
Collectors Traffic movement to higher
rank roads, access to abutting
properties
Local Roads Access to abutting land and
local traffic movement
Mobility vs. Accessibility
Factors Influencing Highway Alignment and Planning
Requirements:
Short
Easy
Safe
Economical
Factors controlling alignment :
1) Obligatory points
A. Obligatory points through which alignment is to pass ( bridge site,
intermediate town , Mountain pass etc
B. Non Obligatory points through which alignment should not pass.
2) Traffic
3) Geometric design
4) Economics
5) Other considerations
Additional care in hill roads
Stability
Drainage
Geometric standards of hill roads
Resisting length
National Highways
The National Highways of Pakistan are a network of
highways in Pakistan that are distinct from its motorways.
The main difference between the two are that, unlike motorways,
national highways are not controlled-access or limited access. As
in the case of motorways.
Pakistan's National Highway Authority owns, maintains and
operates all national highways.
Pakistan's National Highways include famous highways such as
the Grand Trunk Road, the Indus Highway, the Karakoram
Highway and the Makran Coastal Highway.
All National Highways in Pakistan are pre-fixed with the letter
'N' (for "National") followed by the unique numerical designation
of the specific highway (with a hyphen in the middle), e.g. "N-5".
Each numerical designation is separated by five numerals, i.e. N-
5, N-10, N-15, etc.
National highways network consisting of 12130 Km is 3.5 percent
of the total road length in Pakistan and carries 75 % to 85 % of
the total commercial traffic.
National Highways
N-5 Karachi-Thatta-Hyderabad-Moro-Multan-Sahiwal-Lahore-Jhelum-
Rawalpinid-Peshawar-Torkham (Grand Trunk Road) 1819 km
N-10 Lyari-Gwadar-Gabd (Makran Coastal Highway) 653 km
N-15 Mansehra-Naran-Jhalkhand 240 km
N-25 Karachi-Bela-Khuzdar-Kalat-Quetta-Chaman (RCD Highway) 813 km
N-35 Hasanabdal-Abbottabad-Thakot-Gilgit-Khunjerab (Karakoram
Highway, KKH) 806 km
N-40 Lakpass-Nokundi-Taftan 610 km
N-45Nowhera-dir-Chitral 309 km
N-50 Kuchlac-Zhob-Dl Khan 531 km
N-55 Kotri-Shikarpur-DG Khan-Kohat-Peshawar (Indus Highway) 1264
km
N-65 Sukkar-Sibi-Saryab 385 km
N-70 Qilasaifullah-Loralai-DG Khan-Multan 447 km
N-75 Islamabad-Satra Mile-Lower Topa (Murree)- Kohala (Murree
Expressway) 90 km
S-1 Jaglot (KKH)- Shangrial-Karachi-Skardu 167 km
S-2 Kohala-Muzaffarabad 40 km
Expressways/Motorway
Heavy traffic at high speed (120km/hr)
Land Width (90m)
Full access control
Connects major points of traffic generation
No slow-moving traffic allowed
No loading, unloading, parking except
dedicated places.
The Motorways of Pakistan are a network of high-
speed, limited-access or controlled-access highways in
Pakistan, which are owned, maintained and operated
federally by Pakistan's National Highway Authority.
As of 18 March 2020, 1973 km of motorways are
operational, while an additional 1763 km are under
construction or planned.
Pakistan Motorways
M1 is from Islamabad to Peshawar. It is a 155 km access-controlled motorway
with 6 lanes.
M2 is from Lahore to Islamabad. It is a 367 km access-controlled motorway with
6 lanes. It was completed in November 1997.
M3 is from Pindi Bhattian to Faisalabad. It is a 53 km access-controlled
motorway with 4 lanes, which, in future, can be increased to 6 lanes.
M4 is from Faisalabad to Multan with a total length of 200 km. It has 4 lanes,
which, in future, can be increased to 6 lanes.
M5 is from Multan to Dera Ghazi Khan with a total length of 65 km and 4 lanes,
which, in future, can be increased to 6 lanes.
M6 is from Dera Ghazi Khan to Ratodero with a total length of 450 km and 4
lanes, which, in future, can be increased to 6 lanes.
M7 is from Kakkar via Dureji to Karachi with a total length of 303 km and 2
lanes.
M8 is from Gwadar to Ratodero with a total length of 1072 km and 2 lanes.
M9 is from Karachi to Hyderabad with a length of 136 Km and 6 lanes.
M10 is the Karachi Northern Bypass, which has a total length of 56 km and 6
lanes
Highway Construction Materials
There are four basic layers in the construction of
highway
1. Surface Course or Wearing Surface
[Link]
[Link] Base
[Link] Grade
The material in the wearing surface should be of
better quality because it is directly connected to the
vehicle.
Base consist of Stone metal (crush) and also sub base
but of inferior quality.
Sub ground and Sub grade is made up of soil of that
area or the borrow soil.
Materials
The Material generally used for highway
construction are as follows:
1. Stone Aggregate
a. Soft Stone Aggregate
b. Hard Stone Aggregate
[Link] / Asphalt
a. Petroleum Asphalt
b. Rock Asphalt
c. Natural Asphalt
Properties of a good stone aggregate
Strength
Hardness
Toughness
Affinity for Bitumen
Durability
Angular shape
Gradation
Tests for road aggregates
Los Angeles Abrasion Test
Stripping Test
Durability Test (Soundness Test)
Freezing and Thawing Test
Shape Test
Gradation Test
Specific Gravity Test
Resistance Test (Polishing Test)
Types of asphalt for highway
construction
1. Asphalt Cement
2. Liquid Asphalt
3. Emulsified Asphalt
4. Road Tar
Test for asphalt cement
Consistency Test
Penetration Test
Softening Point Test
Viscosity Test
Ductility Test
Flash point Test
Solubility Test
Homogeneity Test
