Chapter 6

• Theory of flexure

Er. Shova Shrestha 1

Er. Shove Shrestha 2
Er. Shova Shrestha 3
 Pure bending or flexure
 Let a point load P be applied at two points(i.e.
B and C) of the beam.

 There is no shear force between B and C and

the bending moment is constant .
 So pure bending or flexure refers to flexure of
beam under a constant bending moment.
 Therefore pure bending occurs in a region of a
beam where shear force is zero..
Er. Shova Shrestha 4
Er. Shova Shrestha 5
Er. Shova Shrestha 6
Er. Shova Shrestha 7
Er. Shova Shrestha 9
Er. Shova Shrestha 10
Er. Shova Shrestha 11
Er. Shova Shrestha 12
Er. Shova Shrestha 13
 Derivation of bending equation:
• As a result of bending moment, a length of beam will
take up a curved shape and a very short arc may be
treated as part of the circle.
• It follows that at the outer radius, the material will be
in tension and at the inner radius in compression and
at the centroidal radius there will be no stress.
• This layer of the material is neutral layer or neutral
axis.

Er. Shova Shrestha 14

Er. Shova Shrestha 15
Fig. shows a longitudinal section of a beam whose neutral
axis is being bent to form an arc of a circle of radius R.

The neutral layer gh after bending becomes g’h’.

Consider a layer ef at a distance y from layer gh which
becomes e’f’ after bending.

Let g’h’ substends an angle ϴ at the center of curvature.

Er. Shova Shrestha 16

ef

Er. Shova Shrestha 18

If transverse section of the beam is considered, let a strip of area dA
lie at a distance y from the neutral axis, say ef be the elementary
area.

M=Fxy

Er. Shova Shrestha 19

 da
y
N A

Er. Shova Shrestha 20

Er. Shova Shrestha 21
Er. Shova Shrestha 22
Er. Shova Shrestha 23
 Section Modulus:

• It is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of a section

about the neutral axis to the distance of the outermost
layer from the neutral axis.

• It represent the strength of the section.

• It is denoted by Z.

Mathematically,

Er. Shova Shrestha 24

Where,
• I = Moment of inertia about neutral axis
• = Distance of the outermost layer from the
neutral axis.

Er. Shova Shrestha 25

• From bending equation,

• Stress will be maximum, when y is maximum.

• Hence the above equation can be written as,
•
• MI

Er. Shova Shrestha 26

But,
•

Hence moment of resistance offered the section is

maximum when section modulus Z is maximum.

Er. Shova Shrestha 27

Section Modulus for various shapes or beam sections

1.Rectangular section:

Moment of inertia of a rectangular section about an axis through

its C.G.(or through N.A.) is given by,

where ,

Er. Shova Shrestha 28

Er. Shova Shrestha 29
Er. Shova Shrestha 30
Bending stresses in symmetrical
section(e.g.rectangular section,circular section)

 In this case, NA lies at a distance of d/2 from the

outermost layer of the section where d is the
diameter (for a circular section) and depth (for
rectangular & square section)
 Stress at a point is directly proportional to its
distance from the neutral axis.
 Maximum stress takes place at the outermost layer.

Er. Shova Shrestha 31

Er. Shova Shrestha 32
Bending stresses in unsymmetrical
section(e.g.T section,I section,C section)
 In this case, neutral axis doesnot passes through the
geometrical centre of the section.
 Value of y for topmost layer or bottom layer of the
section from for the NA will not be same.
 For finding the bending stress in the beam,the bigger
value of the y is used.
 Hence for unsymmetrical section ,first centre of
gravity is calculated.

Er. Shova Shrestha 33

Er. Shova Shrestha 34
 Composite Beams(Flitched Beams)
Beam made up of two or more different materials
assumed to be rigidly connected together and
behaving like a single piece is known as a
composite beam or a wooden flitched beam.
In composite beam:
Strain at the common surfaces will be same for both
materials
Total moment of resistance will be equal to the sum of
the moments of individual sections.

Er. Shova Shrestha 35

• When such a beam is subjected to bending, the
bending stresses at a point are proportional to the
distance of the point from the common neutral
axis.
• Consider the composite beam as shown in fig.
and let at a distance y from the N.A, the stresses
in steel and wood are σ1 and σ2 respectively.

Er. Shova Shrestha 36

Er. Shova Shrestha 37
Er. Shova Shrestha 38
• (mI1 +I2) Can be treated as equivalent moment
of inertia of the cross section, as if all made of
material 2(i.e wood) which will give the same
amount of resistance as the composite beam
and denoted by I.
• Then M = I

Er. Shova Shrestha 39

RELATION BETWEEN SLOPE,DEFLECTION
AND RADIUS OF CURVATURE

• Let the curve AB represent the deflection of a

beam as shown in fig.
• Consider small portion PQ of this beam.
• Let the tangents at P and Q make angle ψ and
ψ+dψ with the x axis.
• Normal at P and Q will meet at C such that
• PC = QC = R

Er. Shova Shrestha 40

Er. Shova Shrestha 41
C is centre of curvature of the curve PQ.
Let the length of PQ is equal to ds.

Er. Shova Shrestha 42

Er. Shova Shrestha 43
Er. Shova Shrestha 44
Er. Shova Shrestha 45
Er. Shova Shrestha 46
Differentiating equation (12.4) w.r.t. x, we
get,

Er. Shova Shrestha 47

Er. Shova Shrestha 48
Methods of determining slope and
deflection at a section in a loaded beam

1. Double integration method

2. Moment area method
3. Macaulay’s method
4. Conjugate beam method
5. Virtual work method

Er. Shova Shrestha 49

In case of double integration method, the equation used
is,

M=EI

or =

The first two methods are used for a single load whereas
the third method is used for several loads.
Er. Shova Shrestha 50
Er. Shova Shrestha 51
Er. Shova Shrestha 52
Er. Shova Shrestha 53
 Note:
• Negative sign indicate that the deflection is
downward.

Er. Shova Shrestha 54

Er. Shova Shrestha 55
Er. Shova Shrestha 56
Er. Shova Shrestha 57
Er. Shova Shrestha 58
Er. Shova Shrestha 59
Shear stresses
 In actual practice, a beam is subjected to a bending
moment which varies from section to section.
 Shear force acting on the beam is not zero, varies
from section to section.
 Due to shear forces, beam will be subjected to shear
stresses.
 These shear stresses will be acting across transverse
sections of the beam.
 These transverse shear stresses will produce a
complimentary horizontal shear stresses which will
be acting on longitudinal layers of the beam.
 Hence beam will alsoEr.be subjected to shear stresses.60
Shova Shrestha
Er. Shova Shrestha 61
Er. Shova Shrestha 62
Er. Shova Shrestha 63
Er. Shova Shrestha 64
Er. Shova Shrestha 65
 Shear stress at a section
• Given fig.shows a simply supported beam
carrying uniformly distributed load
• Consider two sections AB and CD of this
beam at a distance dx apart
Fig 8.1
t
 Shear stress distribution for
different sections
1.Rectangular section
2.Circular section
3.I section
4.T section

Er. Shova Shrestha 78

Shear stress distribution for Rectangular
section

Er. Shova Shrestha 79

Er. Shova Shrestha 80
Er. Shova Shrestha 81
Er. Shova Shrestha 82
Er. Shova Shrestha 83
Er. Shova Shrestha 84
Er. Shova Shrestha 85
Er. Shova Shrestha 86
Er. Shova Shrestha 87
Er. Shova Shrestha 88
Er. Shova Shrestha 89
Er. Shova Shrestha 90
I Section

Er. Shova Shrestha 91

Er. Shova Shrestha 93
 𝑦 (

Er. Shova Shrestha 94

Er. Shova Shrestha 95
Er. Shova Shrestha 96
Er. Shova Shrestha 97
Er. Shova Shrestha 98
Er. Shova Shrestha 99
Er. Shova Shrestha 100
Er. Shova Shrestha 101
Er. Shova Shrestha 102
Er. Shova Shrestha 103
 Numerical
• A circular beam of 100mm diameter is
subjected to a shear force 5 KN. Calculate:
1. Average shear stress
2. Maximum shear stress
3. Shear stress at a distance of 40 mm from N.A

Er. Shova Shrestha 104

Er. Shova Shrestha 105
Er. Shova Shrestha 106
Er. Shova Shrestha 107
Q.An I section beam 350mmx150mm has a
web thickness of 10 mm and a flange
thickness of 20 mm. If the shear force acting
on the section is 40 kN, find the maximum
shear stress developed in the I section.

Er. Shova Shrestha 108

Er. Shova Shrestha 109
Er. Shova Shrestha 110
Er. Shova Shrestha 111
Er. Shova Shrestha 112
Er. Shova Shrestha 113