GOOD

MORNING!
GRADE 11
 Prepared by: JOD

UNIVERSE AND
SOLAR SYSTEM
(Different hypotheses and theories
explaining the origin of the Solar
System)
LET’S REVIEW!
 SOLAR SYSTEM
 is the gravitationally bound system of the
sun and the objects that orbit it.

 Solar – “sun”
 System – heavenly bodies that are attracted
to the gravitational pull of the sun.

 the sun, 8 planets, dwarf planets, asteroids,

comets and meteors.
 SOLAR SYSTEM
● Our solar system consists of a central
star (the Sun), planets, dwarf planets,
moons, asteroids, comets, meteors,
interplanetary gas, dust, and all the
“space” in between.

● Except for Earth, the planets of the

solar system are named for Greek and
Roman gods and goddesses.
 The Oort cloud marks the The Kuiper belt lies
outer boundary of the solar beyond Neptune (30 to
system and is composed 50 AU, 1 AU = Sun-Earth
mostly of icy objects distance = 150 million
km) and comprise
numerous rocky or icy
bodies a few meters to
hundreds of kilometers in
size
The Milky Way● Our Solar System is part of the “Milky Way” galaxy.

- a huge disc and spiral-

shaped aggregation of
about at least 100 billion
stars and other bodies.
- from Earth, it appears as a
glowing milky-white band
across the night sky.
- A galaxy is a huge
collection of gas, dust, and
billions of stars and their solar
systems.
- Its spiral arms rotate around a
globular cluster, at the center of
which lies a supermassive
blackhole.
- is part of the so-called Local
Group of galaxies, which in turn
is part of the Virgo supercluster
of galaxies.
Do you know any ways to remember all 8?

My Very Excellent Mother Just Sold Us Nuggets!

MVEM JSUN
The Relative Size of the Planets in the Solar
System
Our Star,
the Sun
A glowing ball
of gas held
together by its
own gravity
and powered
by nuclear
fusion.
• The Sun is the largest object in the
Solar System.
• The Sun is the heart of our solar
system, and its gravity is what keeps
every planet and particle in orbit.
• The Sun is personified in many
mythologies: the Greeks called it
Helios and the Romans called it Sol.
• The Sun contains more than 99.85%
of the total mass of the solar system.
• If you put all the planets in the solar
system, they would not fill up the
volume of the Sun.
• 110 Earths or 10 Jupiter fit across the
diameter of the Sun.
 • Called Luna by the Romans,
The Moon Selene and Artemis by the
Greeks, and many other
names in other mythologies.
• Lunar Orbit – the moon orbits
the earth in an elliptical orbit.
• The Moon is the 2nd largest
and brightest object in our
night sky.
• Responsible for the tides and
keeping Earth stable on its
axis.
Spinning Planets
- Period of Rotation: amount of time
that an object takes to rotate once. (1
Day)

- Period of Revolution: time it takes an

object to revolve around the sun once.
(1 year)

- Counterclockwise direction.
 Inner Planets Outer Planets
Characteristics of the inner Characteristics of the outer planets:
planets: “Terrestrial Planet” “Jovian Planets”
- They are made up mostly of rock - They are made up mostly of gases
and metal. (primarily hydrogen & helium) and ices.
- They are very heavy and move - They are very light for their size.
slowly in space. and move quickly in space.
- They have no rings and few - They have rings and many moons.
moons (if any). - May have a solid core but no solid
- Thin atmosphere surface
- The inner planets: - The outer planets:
- Mercury - Jupiter
- Venus - Saturn
- Earth - Uranus
- Mars - Neptune
 INNER PLANETS OR “TERRESTRIAL
PLANETS”

1. MERCURY 2. VENUS
 planet nearest to the  the 6th largest planet
sun  even though Mercury is
 smallest planet closer to the sun, Venus is
 fastest orbiting planet the hottest planet
 second densest planet  Earth's twin planet
 no atmosphere  no moon
 no moon  the morning & evening
 Greek God Hermes Star
(the Roman Mercury)  Greek Goddess Aphrodite
INNER PLANETS OR “TERRESTRIAL
PLANETS”
3. EARTH 4. MARS
 is the only planet  the 7th largest planet
known to support life  “Red planet” - iron
 the 5th largest planet oxide, or rust, in its soil.
 Has a surface  it has the tallest mount
composed of 71% of the planets (Olympus
water. Mons)
 densest planet  2 moons - Phobos and
 the Moon is Earth’s Deimos
only natural satellite  Greek God Ares
 OUTER PLANETS OR “JOVIAN PLANETS”

5. JUPITER 6. SATURN
 largest and most massive  the 2nd largest planet
planet  “Ringed Planet”
Great Red Spot  oldest planet  largest planetary rings (8 rings)
 lowest density planet
 has a Great Red Spot  has Great White Spot -
from a storm system that comprised of many periodic
is more than 400 years storms large enough to be seen
old (It is larger than Earth!) from Earth through a telescope.
 Greek Cronus.
 have 4 rings
 83 moons
 80 moons
 Greek Zeus
Great
White Spot
OUTER PLANETS OR “JOVIAN PLANETS”

7. URANUS 8. NEPTUNE
 Discovered in 1781  4th largest planet
 last planet to discover  the farthest planet
 the 3rd largest planet  ice giant planet
 ice giant planet  first planet to be discovered
 It’s axis of rotation is tilted 90 by mathematical predictions
degrees in 1846
 27 moons  it has the coldest overall
 13 rings average temperature 
 it has the coldest temperature  14 moons
recorded  5 rings
 Greek God Ouranos / Caelus  Greek Poseidon
or Coelus
 PLUTO

The International Astronomical

Union (IAU) downgraded the status
of Pluto to that of a dwarf
planet because it did not meet the
three criteria, the IAU uses to define
Ever wondered wh a full-sized planet. Essentially Pluto
y Pluto is no longer meets all the criteria except one - it
a planet? “has not cleared its neighboring
region of other objects.”
International Astronomical
Union in 2006. It says a planet
must do three things:
1. It must orbit a star (in our
cosmic neighborhood, the Sun).
2. It must be big enough to have
enough gravity to force it into a
spherical shape.
3. It must be big enough that its
gravity cleared away any other
objects of a similar size near its
orbit around the Sun.
Other Space
Objects
  Asteroids are large pieces of space
rock with irregular shapes.

 A comet is a small body made from dust, rock,

gas & ice. They are kind of like a dirty snowball .

Meteoroid,  Meteoroids are pieces of rock or dust that

Meteorite & are smaller than asteroids. They are
thought of as remnants of a “failed planets”
Meteor  When small meteoroids enters Earth’s
atmosphere, they usually burn up & make a
fiery trail as it falls, it is then called a meteor
or a “shooting star”.
 Meteors that land on Earth are called
meteorites.
 What Keeps Our
Planets & Other Objects
In Space In Orbit??

GRAVITY &
INERTIA
GRAVITY &
INERTIA ● Gravity – A force that pulls all objects
toward each other.
So how does these 2 ● Inertia – The tendency of an object to stay
forces keep everything either at rest or in motion along a straight
in orbit? path
**Example: The
picture to the right Actual Orbit
shows how inertia &
gravity work
together to keep the
moon orbiting the
Earth.
 GRAVITY & INERTIA
Actual Orbit

If inertia was If gravity was

stronger than stronger than Inertia & Gravity work
gravity, then inertia, then together to keep the
objects would objects would moon orbiting the Earth.
stay on their crash. And they work together
straight path & fly to keep planets orbiting
off into space. the sun.
 Any hypothesis regarding the origin of the solar
system should conform to or explain both large
scale and small-scale properties of the solar
system.
 Natural forces created and shaped the solar
system. The same processes (condensation,
accretion, collision and differentiation) are ongoing
processes .
Condensation – building of larger particles (atom or molecule) at a time
Accretion – sticking together of larger particles
Collision – coming together of two star
Differentiation – separation of melted materials
Large Scale Features of the Solar System
1. Much of the mass of the Solar System is concentrated at
the center (Sun) while angular momentum is held by the
outer planets.
2. Orbits of the planets elliptical and are on the same plane.
3. All planets revolve around the sun.
4. The periods of revolution of the planets increase with
increasing distance from the Sun; the innermost planet
moves fastest, the outermost, the slowest;
5. All planets are located at regular intervals from the Sun.
Small scale features of the Solar System
1. Most planets rotate prograde.
2. Inner terrestrial planets are made of materials with high
melting points such as silicates, iron , and nickel. They
rotate slower, have thin or no atmosphere, higher
densities, and lower contents of volatiles - hydrogen,
helium, and noble gases.
3. The outer four planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and
Neptune are called "gas giants" because of the dominance
of gases and their larger size. They rotate faster, have
thick atmosphere, lower densities, and fluid interiors rich in
hydrogen, helium and ices (water, ammonia, methane).
 The orderly structure of the Solar System (planets
located at regular intervals) and the uniform age of the
point to single formation event.
ORIGIN OF THE
SOLAR SYSTEM
Jeans-Jeffreys Tidal Theory

BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY or

KANT-LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY or

Descartes’ Vortex Theory

 CATASTROPHIC/UNNATURAL
EVENTS
The planets wereJEANS-JEFFREYS
formed from the TIDAL THEORY
substance that was torn out of the Sun.
As a speeding massive star passed
(1918)
near the Sun, it pulled off the materials
due to gravitational attraction.

Harold Jeffreys, FRS was a James Hopwood Jeans OM

British mathematician, FRS was an English physicist,
statistician, geophysicist, and astronomer and mathematician
astronomer. 

Implication:
Interstellar encounter
CATASTROPHIC/UNNATURAL
EVENTS
RANDOM CAPTURE
HYPOTHESIS
CATASTROPHIC/UNNATURAL
EVENTS
FISSION THEORY
CATASTROPHIC/UNNATURAL
EVENTS
FISSION THEORY
 CATASTROPHIC/UNNATURAL
EVENTS
COLLISION
BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY
THEORY or
(1749)
Planets were formed
by the collision of the
Sun and giant comet.
Buffon proposed that
the debris flung out
from a comet’s
Georges-Louis Leclerc,
collision with the sun Comte de Buffon - French
naturalist, mathematician
became planets. & cosmologist
CATASTROPHIC/UNNATURAL
EVENTS
COLLISION THEORY
CATASTROPHIC/UNNATURAL
EVENTS
ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
CATASTROPHIC/UNNATURAL
EVENTS
ENCOUNTER HYPOTHESIS
Jeans-Jeffreys Tidal Theory

BUFFON’S COLLISION THEORY or

KANT-LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY or

Descartes’ Vortex Theory

 NATURAL AND CONTINUOUS
PROCESSESS
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS or
KANT-LAPLACE NEBULAR THEORY
A great cloud of gas(1796)
and dust
began to collapse because of
gravitational pull. As the cloud
contracted, it spun more rapidly. Immanuel Kant was a German
philosopher

The spinning cloud flattens with

a bulge at the center.
Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace
was a French scholar and polymath
whose work was important to the
development of engineering,
mathematics, statistics, physics,
astronomy, and philosophy.
 KANT-LAPLACE NEBULAR
 THEORY
Laplace suggested that the (1796)
rings of materials became
detached from the spinning disk when the velocity at
its edge exceeded a critical value, and that the
material in the rings later coalesced to form the
planets.
 The central product of the contraction is the Sun,
while the planetary satellites may have formed from
further rings shed by the condensing planets.
 The Sun should still be spinning on the verge of
rational instability.
 Could not explain why the Sun has almost 99.9% of
the mass of the Solar System but only about 2% of
the total angular momentum.
 The rings would not condense to form planets.
NATURAL AND CONTINUOUS
PROCESSESS
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS
 NATURAL AND CONTINUOUS
PROCESSESS
SOLAR NEBULAR DISC MODEL

• An explosion of the star (supernova) might have

been caused the dust and gas cloud to collapse,
forming the sun and planets.
• The dust and dust cloud collapsed due to the
force of the gravity.
 NATURAL AND CONTINUOUS
PROCESSESS
• PROTOPLANET HYPOTHESIS
A massive cloud of gas and dust rotated slowly in
space, the cloud shrank under the pull of its own
gravitation.
• Most materials gathered around its own center.
• Temperature became so high that fuel a powerful
reaction (fusion of H giving birth to the Sun)
• Remaining materials around it formed plate-like
disc called “eddies”, that shrank into compact
masses called protoplanets, later formed planets
and satellites.
 DESCARTES’ VORTEX THEORY
 The Solar System was formed
into bodies with nearly circular
orbits because of the whirlpool
- like motion in the pre-solar
materials.
1. No empty space
2. Universe is filled with vortices
of all sizes Rene Descartes - French
philosopher, scientist, and
3. Universe is made up of mathematician
luminous, opaque, and
transparent matter
 Geocentric Theory - developed by
Aristotle and company. In
geocentrism, Earth is the center of
the solar system or universe.
According to this theory, the sun
and everything else (in the solar
system) revolves around the Earth
in concentric spheres.
 Heliocentric Theory - developed
by Copernicus and company. In
heliocentrism, Sun is the center of
the solar system or universe.
According to this theory, the Earth
and everything else (in the solar
system) revolves around the Sun in
concentric spheres.
THANK
YOU! 