Introduction to Geospatial

Technologies
Network of satellites in orbit to
accurately determine one’s
position down on the ground

Chpt. 4. Global
Positioning System
Learning objectives
 GPS origins
 Finding your location with GPS
 Position Measurements
 GPS Errors
 Differential GPS
The acronym “GPS”

 GPS, Department of Defense

 NAVSTAR GPS; United State System
 Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS)
GNSS Systems

 NAVSTAR GPS
 GLONASS (Russian Systtem)
 Galileo (Consortium of European
Governments and Industries)
 Compass (Chinese version of GPS)
 IRNSS (Indian satellite Navigation
System)
The legend of the Bermuda Triangle !
Knowing where you are was not
always easy!
 Early Navigation: Measuring Latitude is Easy
Ursa-major

Sextant Pole star (North Star) at 41 degrees elevation

….Latitude is 41 degrees!
• Navigation relied on position of the stars and sun
• Navigators could determine their latitude by measuring the sun's angle at
noon (i.e., when it reached its highest point in the sky).
• North star, in Ursa-major constellation, can tell us Latitude directly by
measuring elevation above the horizon. Measuring vertical angle to the
NStar
• Geographical Latitude is 0 deg at Equator, and 90 deg at the North Pole
Measuring Longitude is Hard because there is no fixed
point in the sky like the North Star or the Sun at Noon

• A marine chronometer is! a clock that is accurate

enough to be used as a portable time standard;
• Knowing GMT at local noon allows a navigator to
use the time difference between the ship's position
and the Greenwich Meridian to determine the
ship's longitude.
• As the Earth rotates at a regular rate, the time
difference between the chronometer and the
ship's local time can be used to calculate the
longitude of the ship relative to the
Greenwich Meridian (defined as 0°) using
spherical trigonometry
Compare time at Greenwich to local noon.
One hour difference = 15 degrees of longitude.
One second of error is 68 miles!
Satellites offered a much better solution

 GPS isn't the First Satellite

Navigation System!!
 Transit by US Navy (1960) – location of
seas-going vessels
 Naval Research Laboratory Timation
Program
 Best accuracy 25 meters – up to 6
hours between measurements!
 You have to wait to get a fix on
your position rather than always
knowing where you are
 Global Positioning System

 First GPS satellite in 1978

 24th Satellite in 1993, completing an
initial full capacity of satellites
 >$12 billion spent
 GPS is overseen and maintained by
the 50th Space Wing, a division of US
Air Force in Colorado
 24 satellites in 12 hour orbits
 12,000 mile (20,200 kilometer)

high orbits Shows example of the number of

 Two orbits around Earth every day satellites visible from a point on Earth
over time
 4-8 satellites available above 15
degrees from horizon line
 Positions available anywhere in the

world, 24/7
 So how does it operate? Three
segments of GPS satellite
Relies on 3 separate components, all operating together

 1. Space
 2. Control
 3. User
1. Space segment
• 24 satellites in ~12 hour
orbits about 12,500 miles
above the Earth
• This is known as the GPS
constellation
• At any given time, at
least four of the
satellites are above the
local horizon at every
location on earth 24 Shows example of the number of
satellites visible from a point on Earth
hours a day over time
• Ephemeris -- provides
position in space at any
 Space segment: Distance from
satellite
 Radio waves = speed of light
 Receivers have nanosecond accuracy (0.000000001

second)
 All satellites transmit same signal “string” at same time
 Difference in time from satellite to time received gives

distance from satellite

 The whole thing boils down to those "velocity times travel
time" math problems we did in high school!!
 "If a car goes 70 miles per hour for two hours, how far does
it travel?"
 Velocity (70 mph) x Time (2 hours) = Distance (140 miles)
Space segment : Accurate
clocks
 Satellites have very accurate clocks and very
accurate ephemeris information
 Light speed = 186,000 mi./second
 Out of sync by 1/100th of second equals error of

1860 miles!
 Atomic clocks (4) aboard each satellite
2. Control segment
 US Air Force operates
the satellite
 They update ephemeris
information for the
satellite
 They maintain
information on the
health of each satellite
 They configure the
hardware on the
satellite
 They check the clocks
on the satellites
 Monitoring stations

Location of the four unmanned stations (circles) and

one Master Station (triangle) of the GPS Control
Segment
3. User segment-consists of the receivers
we use
 How many channels the receiver has (12 channel)
 Single frequency receiver (can pick up L1)
 Dual frequency receiver (L1 and L2)
 Receiver can only receive satellite data, not transmit data back to
satellite.

17
The simple view
Triangulation and Trilateration

 Triangulation
 Based on angular measurement
 Trilateration
 Based on time
 (or distance)
 GPS is based on Trilateration

19
Travel time

For example: 13,000 some

miles
Radio waves travel about 186,000
miles (300,000 km) per second.
Whoa!

8:03:02.19 7 hundredths of a second

- 8:03:02.12 difference for the 13,000 mile
0:00:00.07 (i.e. 20,000 km) distance

Takes some really good clocks

(i.e. $50,000)!
 So how do you measure the time difference?

Pseudo-random Noise Code (PRN Code)

h roni zed PRN Generator

Exact ly Sync • If we wanted to see just how delayed
the satellite's version was, we could
PRN Generator start delaying the receiver's version until
they fell into perfect sync.
• The amount we have to shift back the
receiver's version is equal to the travel
time of the satellite's version.
 Just compare the two codes!

Measure the time offset to make the two codes align or “correlate”

Now you have an idea of the distance between the two PN generators!
The satellite knows where it is.

Measured Distance

Earth (by definition)

We know the distance from the satellite by the code correlation.

So we know where we are on a big circle (sphere) around the satellite.

Add another satellite

Earth (by definition)

Two dimensional example:

We’re in one of two spots.
 Add another satellite

Earth (by definition)

in: Two dimensions – 3 satellites – we know where we are!

 Remember the pesky clock problem?

Earth (by definition)

Satellites have expensive

clocks.
Our receiver doesn’t!
Our clock is “off”.
So our distance is off – but by a constant amount!
Old trick: Add another satellite

Earth (by definition)

What number do we add or subtract from the time

correlation to make
everything come together?
 Add or subtract the time offset number

Earth (by definition)

Now you got the time.

 So what do the real signals look like?

The information is sent either C/A (Course Acquisition Code)

or P codes (Precision Code).
The C/A code is broadcast on L1 Carrier Frequency. 1-5 meter
accuracy.
P Code – Precision Code is used by the military (L1 and L2).
 What can go wrong - sources of Errors

 Poor satellite geometry (angle of signal)

 Multi-path errors
 Signals bounce off objects before being
received
 Intended error (military: “Selective
Availability”)
 Switched off on May 2, 2000
 Earth’s atmosphere: signals slow or
speed up
 GPS Errors: 1. Earth’s atmosphere

 You calculate distance to a

satellite by multiplying a
signal's travel time by the
speed of light.
 But the speed of light is
only constant in a
vacuum...
Ionospheric and Atmospheric Delays
 Speed of light = 186,000 miles/second in a vacuum
 Earth’s atmosphere is heterogeneous
 Can cause signals to slow down or speed up
 Eliminated by ‘dual frequency’ receivers
 Low and high frequency
 Low frequency affected more than high frequency
 Receiver evaluates signal and corrects for error
 GPS Erros: 2. Multipath Error

 The signal may bounce off various local obstructions

before it gets to your receiver.
 Good receivers use sophisticated signal rejection
techniques to minimize this problem.
 GPS Errors: 3. Geometric Dilution of Precision

 Basic geometry itself can

magnify these other errors
 A principle called Geometric
Dilution of Precision or
GDOP.
 Good receivers determine
which satellites will give the
lowest GDOP
 Satellite geometry
Quantified by DOP: Dilution of Precision
GPS Errors: 4. Selective Availability
Increased Accuracy using
Differential GPS (DGPS)

10 km

Sub meter
accuracy
DGPS/Reference Datum System

 Raw GPS Data (no corrections) WGS84

 Coast Guard Beacons NAD83
 Omnistar (North America) NAD83
 Omnistar (Outside North America) ITRF2000
 WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System) ITRF2000
 SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation System)
A Caution on Datum
 NAD27 (North American Datum 1927)
 NAD83 (North American Datum 1983)
 WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984)
 ITRF2000 (International Terrestrial Reference Frame
2000)
 ITRF 1994, 1996, 1997
 Coast Guard’s DGPS

 US Coast Guard set up several reference stations along cost

and waterways to aid ships in finding their location and
navigation
WAAS (Wide Area Augmentation System

 New system used by FAA

(Federal Aviation
Administration) to guide
aircraft
 25 ground reference stations
in US monitor GPS satellites
 Low-level geo-synchronous
satellites send correction
messages to GPS receivers
• WAAS receive GPS signals and determine if any
errors exist
• Correction message is prepared and uplinked to
a geosynchronous satellite
• The message is then broadcast from the satellite
on the same frequency as GPS
From: http://www.garmin.com/aboutGPS/waas.html
How It Works
• The WAAS covers nearly all of the National Airspace System
(NAS).
• The WAAS provides augmentation information to GPS
receivers to enhance the accuracy and reliability of position
estimates.
• The signals from GPS satellites are received across the NAS
at many widely-spaced Wide Area Reference Stations
(WRS) sites.
• The WRS locations are precisely surveyed so that any errors
in the received GPS signals can be detected.
• WAAS Satellites calculate position correction information
and broadcast the correction signal to Geostationary
WAAS satellite
• It can only function in US and nearby portions of North
America
WAAS

 WAAS corrections are valid in:

 United States (including most of Alaska & Hawaii)
 Virgin Islands & Puerto Rico

 Southern Canada

 Parts of Mexico

 Not valid in all other areas

 Base stations are too distant

 Plans for future expansion

DGPS Accuracy

 Under optimal conditions

 User hand held 2-5 m

 CALMIT units <1m
 Survey grade units < .03 m
 Very high precision units ~ .005 m
 Conclusion
GPS: Global Positioning System

GPS technology has matured

into a resource that goes far
beyond its original
design goals.