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 BIOLOGY
SUMMARY
 CHARACTERISES OF LIVING THINGS
• There are seven characteristics of living things we use them to know if the organism is living or
not
• movement : animals move from place to place. plants move by extending their steams and roots
2. Respiration : a chemical reaction of respiration to release energy
3. Sensitivity : they sense their surroundings such as light
4. Excretion : they remove waste products
5. Growth : they grow over their lifetime
6. Reproduction ; they produce offspring
7. Nutrition : plants make their own nutrition from water and carbon dioxide animals get it from
eating other living things
These words can also be called Mrs Gren.
On earth it can be hard to detect life some thing such as dry grass seeds don’t show any of the
characteristic of living thing but they are not dead when they absorb water they come to life each
ting seed uses nutrients stored inside it for respiration
 PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
Every part of your body is made up of a cell you are alive because your cells are alive
Animal cells contain three main things
Nucleus : which is the most important thing in the cell it stores a set of instructions called genes
• Cytoplasm : is were all the chemical reactions happen
• Cell membrane : controls what enters and leaves the cell
Plant cell also have these things but have three more which are
• Chloroplast : they capture light energy which plants use to make food
• Vacuole : which is filled with cell sap . Cell sap stores food
• Cell wall : is a tough wall. it is around the cell membrane the vacuole pushes against it to toughen it firm cells make a
plant stand up straight
• Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things.
• Yeasts, protozoa , and bacteria only have one cell but large animals have billions
• Root cells don’t receive light so they have no chloroplasts
• Light microscope can make a cell look flat but they aren’t
• Scientist cut slice cells to show what they contain
 SPECIALISED CELLS
• Each cell is specialised in a thing
Red blood cells : They are the smallest cells they are all around your body red blood cells have no nucleus
and they are small and flexible they are full of haemoglobin. Haemoglobin is a red chemical that carries
oxygen they are specialized to squeeze through narrow blood vessels to deliver oxygen to there cells
Muscle cells : They are long and thin . Muscle cells that pull on bones are grouped in bundles muscle cells
in heart are linked together each muscle cell is full of fibres. The fibres allow muscles cells to contract and
produce movement
Fat cells : They are big and pink coloured the nucleus and cytoplasm are squeezed to make room fat cells
store energy for time when you cant eat enough. A layer of them under your skin help you keep warm
Bone cells : bone is rigid and hard but is full of living cells . Bone cells make fibres and excrete them into
their surroundings then minerals stick into these fibres and turn them into a solid bone
Specialised plant cells : Leaf cells absorb sunlight to make nutrients , root cells are specialized in taking in
water and minerals root hair cells have long thin side branches which give them a bigger surface and make it
easier for them to collect water and minerals.
the four green circles are the xylem they carry water from roots to the rest of the plant the blue phloem
around them they are specialised to carry nutrients down from the leaves
HABITATS
• Rainforests and desert are hot both hot and sunny what they have some differences ‘
• Rainforests are wet the plants grow quickly all year round the orang utan lives their there is little food on the ground so it
stays on the treetops were there are fruits leaves and seeds to survive it needs to cross long gaps between trees to find
food . It is well adapted for this it has long arms it feet act like legs and eyes measure distances accurately.
• Desert get little amount of rain so their plants grow more slowly the water holding frogs lives their he spends most of his
life in the underground they grow fast when it rains they fill their bladder with water and burry themselves and come out
when in rains again food and water are scarce in deserts food and water is scarce in deserts camels and oryx have a
adopted to life in the deserts they can walk long distances to find food and they can survive for months without drinking
• Antarctica is dark for 4 months of the year it is mostly covered by snow and is very cold plankton fill the oceans of
Antarctica krill eat them there is more krill than any other animal in the world they feed most other animals in Antarctica.
In Antarctica there is way less food in the winter but animals have adapted to this krill and fish make something called
antifreeze which is made from the energy stored which makes them smaller and penguins seals and whales have compact
bodies
• Food chain of Antarctica : plankton – krill - fish , penguins, seal ,and whale
• and then sea birds and penguin also wat the fish
PHOTOS
FOOD CHAINS
Herbivores get their by consuming plants so they are called consumers. herbivores only eat
plants. Plants make their own food so they are producers . The amount of material in a plant is
called its biomass . Carnivores only eats meat . Predators hunt while prey get hunt . Scavengers
are animals that eat dead animals . Every animal is a part of at least a food chain . When animals
die decomposers will break down their bodies . Most animals eat more than one type of food . A
food web is more than one food chain. Every food chain starts with a producer
Food chain shows how each living thing gets food, and how nutrients and energy are passed
from creature to creature
Meaning of food chain a series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food.
• Examples of scavengers : Vulture, Carrion beetle , and Blowflies 
Examples of decomposers: bacteria, fungi, some insects, and snails,
CHEMISTRY
SUMMARY
 THE PARTICLE THEORY OF MATTER
• All substances are made up of particles you cannot see the particles with you naked eye
• There are three states of matter solid, liquid , and gas
• Ice is water in a solid state when a substance is in the solid state the particles touch each other they
are strongly attracted to each other they don’t move they vibrate on the spot
• Water is water in the liquid state when a substance is in the liquid state the particles move around in
and out of each other the particles are also strongly attracted but are not in a regular pattern
• Gas when a substance is in the gas state the forces of attraction between particles is very week and
they move in a random movement there is no regular pattern and the particles don’t touch each other
• You cannot compress a substance in solid or liquid state when you compress something the particles
get closer together
• all states of matter expand solid and liquid expand by heating they expand because their particles
move faster, move slightly apart and gain energy .
• When the substance in the solid or liquid state cool down its particles vibrate or move more slowly ,
they also lose energy and the particles get closer this is called contracting
 BOILING., EVAPORATING, AND
CONDENSING
• When a substance changes from state to another the particles don’t change what changes is he attraction,
speed ,and distance between particles
• When a liquid becomes a gas , the particles move faster and spread out and the force of attraction between
particles get very weak
• Evaporation happens when particles leave the surface of a liquid . The particles spread out to form a gas .
Evaporation can happen at any temperature
• Boiling occurs throughout the whole of a liquid boiling can only happen when liquid is hot enough when
you heat a hot Beeker of liquid water bubbles of water in the gas state from throughout the liquid the
bubbles rise to the surface and escape
• Every substance has its own boiling point when a substance changes rom gas to liquid the particles move
more slowly they get closer until they touch each other the forces of attraction get stronger this is called
condensation
• ethanol is very flammable and so you should wear safety goggle and lab coat at all times
• Gas to liquid when substance changes from gas to liquid the particles move more slowly they get closer
until they touch each other the forces of attraction between particles is much stronger in liquid this is
called condensation .a substance in the gas state condenses when it is cools=d to its boiling point or below
 MELTING, FREEZING, AND SUBLIMING
• The change from solid to liquid is called melting every substance has a different melting point
scientists use melting points to identify substances if a substance has a sharp melting point the
it is a pure substance
• The change from liquid to solid is called freezing is the opposite of melting the particles stop
moving around from place to place they arrange themselves in a regular pattern
• sublimation is when a solid changes directly to gas without becoming a liquid
• Solid co2 sublimes to make co2 gas and also solid grey iodine sublimes by heating to make a
purple gas .
• When a substance melts its particles move out of their regular pattern the particles start to move
in and out of each other every substance has it own freezing point
• Butter and ghee are mixtures they don’t have a sharp melting point
• If a substance has a sharp melting point then is pure not mixed with another substance
 QUESTIONS
• What is Mrs Gren and name them
• They are movement , respiration, sensitivity, growth , reproduction ,excretion, and nutrition
• What is sublimation
• sublimation is when a solid changes directly to gas without becoming a liquid
• What do both the plant and animal cell have in common
• Cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm
• Label using the particle theory of matter
Solid Liquid Gas

movement

Arrangement
Is it comprisable
• what is food web
• Food web is more than one food chain .