WIRELESS NETWORKS

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Course Basics
•Pre-requisite Data Communication and Networks

•Text books 1. Wireless Communication and Networks, 2nd

Ed., W. Stalling.
2. Wireless Communications: Principles and
Practices, 2nd Ed., T. S. Rappaport.
3. The Mobile Communications Handbook, J.
D. Gibson

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• Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation

• The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on the
performance of wireless communication systems
• Paths can vary from simple line-of-sight to ones that are severely
obstructed by buildings, mountains, and foliage
• Radio channels are extremely random and difficult to analyze
• The speed of motion also impacts how rapidly the signal level
fades as a mobile terminals moves about.

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• Problems Unique to Wireless systems

• Interference from other service providers
• Interference from other users (same network)
– CCI due to frequency reuse
– ACI due to Tx/Rx design limitations & large number of users sharing finite
BW
 Shadowing is caused by obstacles between the transmitter and receiver that fluctuate the
signal power.

 Multipath propagation occurs when the transmitted signals reach the receiver through
more than one path due to reflection, diffraction, and scattering from objects located
between the transmitter and receiver.

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• Problems Unique to Wireless systems

• Fading
– When no clear line-of-sight path exists, signals are received
that are reflections off obstructions and diffractions around
obstructions

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• Mechanisms that affect the radio propagation .

• Reflection
• Diffraction
• Scattering
• In urban areas, there is no direct line-of-sight path between the
transmitter and the receiver, and where the presence of high- rise
buildings causes severe diffraction loss.
• Multiple reflections cause multi-path fading

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• Reflection, Diffraction, Scattering

• Reflection - occurs when signal encounters a surface that is
large relative to the wavelength of the signal
• Diffraction - occurs at the edge of an impenetrable body that
is large compared to wavelength of radio wave. (Waves
bending around sharp edges of objects)
• Scattering – occurs when incoming signal hits an object
whose size is in the order of the wavelength of the signal or
less

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Line of Sight (LOS)

Line-of-sight is the direct propagation of radio waves between antennas that are
visible to each other.

The received signal is directly received at the receiver the effects such as
reflection, diffraction and scattering doesn’t affect the signal reception that
much.

Radio signals can travel through many non-metallic objects, radio can be picked
up through walls. This is still line-of-sight propagation.

Examples would include propagation between a satellite and a ground antenna or

reception of television signals from a local TV transmitter.

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• Free Space Propagation Model

• Free space propagation model is used to predict:

• Received Signal Strength when the transmitter and receiver

have a clear, unobstructed LoS between them.

• The free space propagation model assumes a transmit antenna and

a receive antenna to be located in an otherwise empty
environment. Neither absorbing obstacles nor reflecting surfaces
are considered. In particular, the influence of the earth surface is
assumed to be entirely absent.
• Satellite communication systems and microwave line-of-sight
radio links typically undergo free space propagation.

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• Free Space Propagation Model

• Path Loss
– Signal attenuation as a positive quantity measured in dB
and defined as the difference (in dB) between the
effective transmitter power and received power.

• Friis is an application of the standard “Free Space

Propagation Model “
– It gives the Median Path Loss in dB ( exclusive of
Antenna Gains and other losses )

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• Friis Free Space Equation

• Pt Transmitted power,
• Pr(d) Received power
• Gt Transmitter antenna gain,
• Gr Receiver antenna gain,
• d T-R separation distance (m)
• L System loss factor not related to propagation system losses
(antennas, transmission lines between equipment and antennas,
atmosphere, etc.)
– L = 1 for zero loss and Signal fades in proportion to d2

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• Friis Free Space Equation

• The ideal conditions assumed for this model are almost never
achieved in ordinary terrestrial communications, due to
obstructions, reflections from buildings, and most importantly
reflections from the ground.

• The Friis free space model is only a valid predictor for “Pr ” for
values of “d” which are in the far-field of the “Transmitting
antenna

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Free Space Propagation Model

Thus in practice, power can be measured at d 0 and predicted at d using the relation

where d>= d0 >= df

 df is Fraunhofer distance which complies:

df =2D2/
where D is the largest physical linear dimension of the antenna

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• Example 1
• Find the far-field distance for an antenna with maximum
dimension of 1 m and operating frequency of 900 MHz.

Given;
Largest dimension of antenna, D = 1m
Operating freq, f = 900MHz,
Far-field distance

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• Example 2
• (a) If a transmitter produces 50 watts of power, express the transmit power in
units of dBm, and dBW.
• (b) If 50 watts is applied to a unity gain antenna with a 900 MHz carrier
frequency, find the received power in dBm at a free space distance of 100 m
from the antenna, What is Pr (10 km)? Assume unity gain for the receiver
antenna.

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solutions
(a) TX power in dBm = 10 log10 (Pt/1mW)
= 10 log10 (50/1mW)=47 dBm

Tx power in dBW = 10 log10 (Pt/1W)

= 10 log10(50)=17 dBW
(b)
Rx power = Pr(d) = Pt Gt Gr 2 / (4)2 d2 L
Wavelength,  = 0.3333333 , GT=Gr = 1, D=100 m, L=1
Pr(100 m) = 3.52167x10-06 W = 3.5x10-3 mW =10log (3.5*10-3) = -24.5
dBm
Pr(10*1000 m) = 3.5*10-3 /10^4 = 3.5*10-7 mW

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• Small Scale Multipath fading

• Multipath creates small scale fading effects:
– Rapid changes in signal strength over a small travel distance or
time interval
– Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts
on different multipath signals
– Time dispersion (echoes) caused by multipath propagation
delays

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– Factors influence small scale fading

– Multipath propagation – result in multiple version of transmitted signal
– Speed of mobile – result in random frequency modulation due to different
Doppler shifts
– Speed of surrounding – if the surrounding objects move at a greater rate
than the mobile
– The transmission bandwidth of the signal – if the transmitted radio signal
bandwidth is greater than the bandwidth of the multipath channel

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• Ground Reflection (2-Ray) Model

• a model where the receiving antenna sees a direct path signal as well as a signal
reflected off the ground.
• In a mobile radio channel, a single direct path between the base station and
mobile is rarely the only physical path for propagation
− Hence the free space propagation model in most cases is inaccurate when
used alone
• Hence we use the 2 Ray GRM
− It considers both- direct path and ground reflected propagation path
between transmitter and receiver

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• Ground Reflection (2-Ray) Model

• This was found reasonably accurate for predicting large scale signal strength
over distances of several kilometers for mobile radio systems using tall towers (
heights above 50 m )

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• Ground Reflection (2-Ray) Model

• Good for systems that use tall towers (over 50 m tall)
• Good for line-of-sight microcell systems in urban environments

• ETOT is the electric field that results from a combination of a direct

line-of-sight path and a ground reflected path

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– Ground Reflection (2-Ray) Model

– The maximum T-R separation distance ( In most mobile
communication systems ) is only a few tens of kilometers, and
the earth may be assumed to be flat.

– ETOT =The total received E-field,

– ELOS=The direct line-of-sight component
– Eg =The ground reflected component,

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Ground Reflection (2-Ray) Model

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Ground Reflection (2-Ray) Model

Triangle ABC

 Binomial series, dd =

 Same step for triangle BCD

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 Ground Reflection (2-Ray) Model

 The path difference between the reflected wave Er and direct wave

Ed is
Phase difference = path different x wave number

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• Ground Reflection (2-Ray) Model

• Received power
 Pd = power received in free space

 So, power received for plane earth reflection:

Since ht, hr <<d, is small

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• Example
• Consider GSM900 cellular radio system with 20W transmitted power from Base
Station Transceiver (BTS). The gain of BTS and Mobile Station (MS) antenna
are 8dB and 2dB respectively. The BTS is located 10km away from MS and the
height of the antenna for BTS and MS are 200m and 3m respectively. By
assuming plane earth loss between BTS and MS, calculate the received signal
level at MS

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• Solution
• Given
f = 900MHz d = 10km
Pt = 20W = 43dBm ht = 200m
GT=8dB = 6.31 hr = 3m
GR = 2dB = 1.58
• So, the received signal at MS

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Thank You
……..Murakaza Neza!

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