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Network Design Issues

The document discusses several key topics at the network layer including store-and-forward packet switching, the services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram subnets. It also covers network layer performance metrics such as delay, throughput, and packet loss.

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Stuti Sharma
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52 views

Network Design Issues

The document discusses several key topics at the network layer including store-and-forward packet switching, the services provided to the transport layer, implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services, and comparison of virtual-circuit and datagram subnets. It also covers network layer performance metrics such as delay, throughput, and packet loss.

Uploaded by

Stuti Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Layer Design Issues

• Store-and-Forward Packet Switching


• Services Provided to the Transport Layer
• Implementation of Connectionless Service
• Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
• Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Subnets
Store-and-Forward Packet
Switching
The environment of the network layer protocols.

fig 5-1
Services provided to Transport layer

The services need to be carefully designed with the following


goals in mind:
1. The services should be independent of the router
technology.
2. The transport layer should be shielded from the number,
type, and topology of the routers present.
3. The network addresses made available to the transport
layer should use a uniform numbering plan, even across
LANs and WANs.
Packet Switching
• Datagram Approach: Connectionless Service

• Virtual Circuit Approach: Connection Oriented


Service
Implementation of Connectionless
Service
Routing within a diagram subnet.
Implementation of Connection-Oriented
Service
Routing within a virtual-circuit subnet.
Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and
Datagram Subnets

5-4
Network Layer Services
• Packetizing: encapsulating the payload(data received from upper
layer) at source and decapsulating at the destination.

• Routing: To find the best path from source to destination using


routing protocols.

• Forwarding: Action applied by each router when packet arrives at


one of its interface using routing or forwarding table.

• Routing and Forwarding are related to each other.


NETWORK-LAYER PERFORMANCE

The performance of a network can be measured


in terms of:
• Delay
• Throughput
• Packet loss
Delay

The delays in a network can be divided into four


types:
• Transmission delay
• Propagation delay
• Processing delay
• Queuing delay.
• Transmission Delay
Delaytr = (Packet length) / (Transmission rate).

• Propagation Delay
Delaypg = (Distance) / (Propagation speed).

• Processing Delay
Delaypr = Time required to process a packet in a router or a
destination host

• Queuing Delay
Delayqu = The time a packet waits in input and output queues in a router

• Total Delay

Total delay = (n + 1) (Delaytr + Delaypg + Delaypr) + (n) (Delayqu)


Throughput
• Throughput = minimum {TR1, TR2, . . . TRn}.
Packet Loss
• When a router receives a packet while processing another packet,
the received packet needs to be stored in the input buffer waiting
for its turn.

• A router, however, has an input buffer with a limited size. A time


may come when the buffer is full and the next packet needs to be
dropped.

• The effect of packet loss on the Internet network layer is that the
packet needs to be resent, which in turn may create overflow and
cause more packet loss.

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