Introduction to DBMS

Application
program End-user
DBMS
 File Processing and DBMS

File Systems :
–   Store data over long periods of time
–   Store large amount of data
  However :
–   No guarantee that data is not lost if not backed up
–   No support to query languages
–   No efficient access to data items unless the location is known
–   Application depends on the data definitions (structures)
–   Change to data definition will affect the application programs
–   Single view of the data
–   Separate files for each application
–   Limited control to multiple accesses
- Data viewed as physically stored
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 Database: What
• Database
– is collection of related data and its metadata organized in a
structured format
– for optimized information management

• Database Management System (DBMS)

– is a software that enables easy creation, access, and modification
of databases
– for efficient and effective database management

• Database System
– is an integrated system of hardware, software, people, procedures,
and data
– that define and regulate the collection, storage, management, and
use of data within a database environment
 Database Management System
- manages interaction between end users and database

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management: Rob & Coronel

Database System Environment

 Hardware
 Software
- OS
- DBMS
-
Applications
 People
 Procedures
 Data

Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management: Rob & Coronel

 Database: Why
• Purpose of Database
– Optimizes data management
– Transforms data into information

• Importance of Database Design

– Defines the database’s expected use
• different approach needed for different types of databases
– Avoid data redundancy & ensure data integrity
• data is accurate and verifiable
– Poorly designed database generates errors
• leads to bad decisions
• can lead to failure of organization

• Functions of DBMS/Database System

– Stores data and related data entry forms, report definitions, etc.
– Hides the complexities of relational database model from the user
• facilitates the construction/definition of data elements and their relationships
• enables data transformation and presentation
– Enforces data integrity
– Implements data security management
• access, privacy, backup & restoration

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S511 Session 2, IU-SLIS
 Database: How
• Planning & Analysis
– Assess
• Goal of the organization
• Database environment
– existing hardware, software, raw data, data processing procedures
– Identify
• Database needs
– what database can do to further the goal of the organization
• User needs and characteristics
– who the users are, what they want to do, how they envision doing it
• Database system requirements
– what the database system should do to satisfy the database and user needs
• Design
– From conceptual design to a detailed system specification
• Implementation
– Create the database
• Maintenance
– Troubleshoot, update, streamline the database
 Introduction

• Database is a collection of related data and data is a

collection of facts and figures that can be processed
to produce information.
• A database management system stores data in
such a way that it becomes easier to retrieve,
manipulate, and produce information.
 Characteristics

• Real-world entity − A modern DBMS is more realistic

and uses real-world entities to design its architecture.
For example, a school database may use students as
an entity and their age as an attribute.
• Relation-based tables − DBMS allows entities and
relations among them to form tables.
• Isolation of data and application − A database is an
active entity, whereas data is said to be passive, on
which the database works and organizes. DBMS also
stores metadata, which is data about data, to ease its
own process.
 Cont..

• Less redundancy − DBMS follows the rules of

normalization, which splits a relation when any of its
attributes is having redundancy in values.
• Consistency − A DBMS can provide greater
consistency as compared to earlier forms of data
storing applications like file-processing systems.
• Query Language − DBMS is equipped with query
language, which makes it more efficient to retrieve and
manipulate data. A user can apply as many and as
different filtering options as required to retrieve a set of
data.
 Cont...

• ACID Properties − DBMS follows the concepts

of Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability.
These concepts are applied on transactions, which
manipulate data in a database. ACID properties help
the database stay healthy in multi-transactional
environments and in case of failure.
• Multiuser and Concurrent Access − DBMS
supports multi-user environment and allows them to
access and manipulate data in parallel.
 Cont...

• Multiple views − DBMS offers multiple views for

different users. A user who is in the Sales department
will have a different view of database than a person
working in the Production department.
• Security − Features like multiple views offer security
to some extent where users are unable to access
data of other users and departments.
 What is a Database System? (cont.)

• Major components of a database system:

• Data: integrated and shared.
• Hardware: disk, CPU, Main Memory, ...
• Software: DBMS
• Users:
1. Application programmers
2. End users
3. Database administrator (DBA)
» Defining external schema
» Defining conceptual schema
» Defining internal schema
» Liaison with users
» Defining security and integrity checks
» Defining backup and recovery procedures
» Monitoring performance and changing requirements
 Architecture

• A 3-tier architecture separates its tiers from each

other based on the complexity of the users and how
they use the data present in the database.
• Database (Data) Tier − At this tier, the database resides along
with its query processing languages.
• Application (Middle) Tier − At this tier reside the application
server and the programs that access the database. For a user,
this application tier presents an abstracted view of the
database. Hence, the application layer sits in the middle and
acts as a mediator between the end-user and the database.
• User (Presentation) Tier − End-users operate on this tier and
they know nothing about any existence of the database
beyond this layer. At this layer, multiple views of the database
can be provided by the application. All views are generated by
applications that reside in the application tier.