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Lecture 1 - Discrete Math

This document outlines the course objectives and topics for a Discrete Mathematics course. The course aims to teach students to express statements with formal logic, analyze arguments, apply set theory and operations, use recursion, prove statements with induction, compute probabilities, and apply graph theory. It lists logic, sets, relations, functions, sequences, recurrence relations, induction, combinatorics, probability, and graphs as main topics. Recommended textbooks are also provided.

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Techknow Asia
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38 views

Lecture 1 - Discrete Math

This document outlines the course objectives and topics for a Discrete Mathematics course. The course aims to teach students to express statements with formal logic, analyze arguments, apply set theory and operations, use recursion, prove statements with induction, compute probabilities, and apply graph theory. It lists logic, sets, relations, functions, sequences, recurrence relations, induction, combinatorics, probability, and graphs as main topics. Recommended textbooks are also provided.

Uploaded by

Techknow Asia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Department of Computer Science & IT

Instructor: Asif Raza (MSCS)


Discrete Mathematics
Course Objective
Course Objective

• Express statements with the precision of formal logic


• Analyze arguments to test their validity
• Apply the basic properties and operations related to sets
• Apply to sets the basic properties and operations related to relations and
function
• Define terms recursively
• Prove a formula using mathematical induction
• Prove statements using direct and indirect methods
• Compute probability of simple and conditional events
• Identify and use the formulas of combinatorics in different problems
• Illustrate the basic definitions of graph theory and properties of graphs
• Relate each major topic in Discrete Mathematics to an application area in
computing
Recommended Books
Recommended Books

• Discrete Mathematics with Applications (second edition) by Susanna S. Epp

• Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications (fourth edition) by Kenneth H. Rosen

• Discrete Mathematics by Ross and Wright


Main Topics
Main Topics

1. Logic
2. Sets & Operations on sets
3. Relations & Their Properties
4. Functions
5. Sequences & Series
6. Recurrence Relations
7. Mathematical Induction
8. Loop Invariants
9. Combinatorics
10. Probability
11. Graphs and Trees
Topics Cover Today
 What is Discrete Mathematics?

 What is Logic ?

 What is Proposition?

 Examples of Proposition

 Rule of Proposition

 Understanding Statements

 Compound Statement

 Symbolic Representation of Statement

 List of Logical Connectives

 Translating From English To Symbols

 Translating From Symbols To English


What is Discrete Mathematics?
What is Discrete Mathematics?

Discrete Mathematics concerns processes that consist of a

sequence of individual steps.


What is Logic ?
What is Logic ?

Logic is the study of the principles and methods that

distinguishes between a valid and an invalid argument.


What is Statement ?
What is Statement ?

A statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false

but not both.

A statement is also referred to as a Proposition


Examples of Propositions

• 2+2 = 4
• 3*4=12
• It is Sunday today.
• Sky is blue.
Propositions (Continue--)

• If a proposition is true, we say that it has a truth value of "true”.

• If a proposition is false, its truth value is "false".


• The truth values “true” and “false” are, respectively,
denoted by the letters T and F.
Rule of Proposition
Rule of Proposition

If the sentence is preceded by other sentences that make the


pronoun or variable reference clear, then the sentence is a
statement.
Example

x=1
x>2

x > 2 is a statement with truth-value

FALSE
Example

Bill Gates is an American

He is very rich

He is very rich is a statement with truth-value

TRUE.
Understanding Statements
Understanding Statements

i. x + 2 is positive. Not a statement


ii. Logic is interesting. A statement

iii. It is hot today. A statement


iv. -1 > 0 A statement

v. x + y = 12 Not a statement
Compound Statement
Compound Statement

Simple statements could be used to build a compound


statement.
Compound Statement

I. 3 + 2 = 5” and “Lahore is a city in Pakistan”


II. “The grass is green” or “ It is hot today”

III. “Discrete Mathematics is not difficult to me”


Compound Statement

I. 3 + 2 = 5” and “Lahore is a city in Pakistan”


II. “The grass is green” or “ It is hot today”

III. “Discrete Mathematics is not difficult to me”

And, or, not are called logical connectives.


Symbolic Representation of
Statement
Symbolic Representation of
Statement

Statements are symbolically represented by letters


such as p, q, r,...
Symbolic Representation of
Statement
Statements are symbolically represented by letters
such as p, q, r,...

Example:
p = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan”

q = “17 is divisible by 3”
List of Logical Connectives
List of Logical Connectives
Logical Connectives

Example

p = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan”


q = “17 is divisible by 3”
p  q = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and 17 is divisible by 3”
p  q = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan or 17 is divisible by 3”
~p = “It is not the case that Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan” or
simply
“Islamabad is not the capital of Pakistan”
Translating From English To
Symbols
Translating From English To Symbols
Translating From Symbols To
English
Translating From Symbols To English

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