MATLAB

1
 About Presentation
In this workshop you will learn a few of
the basic functions of MATLAB.
First we will start working with basic
numbers, formats, demos, mathematical
functions, setting variables, matrices and
generating plots by using the plot
functions.
Brief overview of how to generate scripts
in MATLAB called M-files

2
 Table of Content

 The basic MATLAB interface.

 Basic commands.
 Declaring & manipulating variables.
 Plotting graphs.
 Conditional Operators.
 Functions.

3
 Introduction
 MATLAB, which stands for Matrix Laboratory, is a
powerful, general-purpose system or environment for
doing mathematics, scientific and engineering
calculations.
 MATLAB is matrix-oriented, so what would take
several statements in C or Fortran can usually be
accomplished in just a few lines using MATLAB's built-
in matrix and vector operations.
 MATLAB is a "High-Performance Numeric Computation
and Visualization Software" package.
 MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data
is a matrix that does not require dimensioning.

4
 Capability of MATLAB

• Dealing with Matrices and Arrays

• 2-D and 3-D Plotting and graphics
• Linear Algebra
• Algebraic Equations
• Non-linear Functions
• Statistics
• Data Analysis
• Calculus and Differential Equations
• Numerical Calculations
• Integration
• Transforms
• Curve Fitting

5
 Features of MATLAB

• It is a high-level language for numerical computation, visualization and

application development.
• It also provides an interactive environment for iterative exploration,
design and problem solving.
• It provides vast library of mathematical functions for linear algebra,
statistics, Fourier analysis, filtering, optimization, numerical
integration and solving ordinary differential equations.
• It provides built-in graphics for visualizing data and tools for creating
custom plots.
• It provides tools for building applications with custom graphical
interfaces.
• It provides functions for integrating MATLAB based algorithms with
external applications and languages such as C, Java, .NET and Microsoft
Excel.

6
 Uses of MATLAB

• MATLAB is widely used as a computational tool in science

and engineering encompassing the fields of physics,
chemistry, math and all engineering streams.
• Signal Processing and Communications
• Image and Video Processing
• Control Systems
• Test and Measurement
• Computational Finance
• Computational Biology

7
Basic MATLAB Interface

8
 Matlab Window

Command
History
Window

WORKSPACE
WINDOW
Editor Window

Menu and
Toolbar

9
 Command Window

This is the main area where you enter commands at the

command line, indicated by the command prompt (>>).

10
 Workspace Window

The workspace shows all the variables you create

and/or import from files.

11
 Command History Window

This panels shows or rerun commands that you entered

at the command line.

12
 Editor Window

This is the main area where you can write program

an can edit in code.

13
Command window: Type your
instructions here and press
ENTER to execute them.

14
Example: Declare a column matrix
with
values 1,2 and 3.

15
Workspace: shows a list of
variables created by MATLAB.
As you can see, the value of ‘aaa’
is shown.

16
Another way to create a variable
Is to press this button.

17
MATLAB will prompt you to enter
the variable name.

18
As you can see, the variable
name has been changed to bbb.

19
2) Or by double clicking
on bbb.

To assign a value to bbb, you can do it in

two ways: 1) Using the command window.

20
When you click on bbb, the variable
editor window appears. You can type
in new values into bbb by filling in the
cells.

21
An example is shown here.
Try and do it yourself.

22
To display variables at the console,
you can type the variable name,
or you can type disp(variable_name).

23
To clear all variables from
memory and close all
figures, use the
clear, close all command.

24
As you can see, all workspace
variables are deleted when
you execute this command.

25
To clear the command window,
use the clc (clear console) command.

26
As you can see, all
console
entries are deleted
when
you execute this
command.

27
 .
If you want to see help,
you can type help at the
command window

If you want to see help,

you can type help at the
command window.

28
Or you can press F1
to display the help
window. Click on
Open Help Browser
to search for a
specific function.

29
Example: search for
function mean

30
To create new m file

To create an m-file, 1) type edit at

the command window, or
2) Press this button.

31
The previous command will
display the editor window.
The editor creates an m-file
that can be used to write
your MATLAB programs.

32
To open a exiting m file-
1-Press this button.
Or 2-type open file name

33
 To selective text Paste in a m file-
1-Press this button.
Or 2-go to edit and select paste submenu.

To copy a text in m file-

1-Press this button.
Or 2-go to edit and select copy submenu.

To cut a text in m file-

1-Press this button.
Or 2-go to edit and select cut submenu

3434
 To Redo a text in m file-
1-Press this button or
2-go to edit and select redo submenu.
To Redo a text in m file-
1-Press this button.
Or 2-go to edit and select redo submenu.
To undo a text in m file-
1-Press this button.
Or 2-go to edit and select undo submenu.

35
For insert comment in
Matlab.
1)select this option. Or
2) press ctr+r for
selective text

36
For uncomment in
Matlab.
1)select this option. Or
2) Press ctr+T for
selective text.

37
To execute a program, press
the RUN button.

38
This window will appear. Press the
Change Directory button.

39
You can see that the program has
created two new variables in the
Workspace.

40
 Debugging
Debug menus
• Set breakpoints to stop the execution of code
>> [i j]=sort2(2,4)
K>>
K>> whos
Name Size Bytes Class
a 1x1 8 double array
b 1x1 8 double array
Grand total is 2 elements using 16 bytes
K>> a
a= local function
2 workspace
K>> return
i=

4 exit debug Click mouse on the left

j= mode of the line of code to
2 create a breakpoint

41
 MATLAB - Commands

MATLAB is an interactive program for numerical

computation and data visualization. You can enter a
command by typing it at the MATLAB prompt '>>' on the
Command Window.

42
Commands for Managing a Session

43
Commands for Working with the
System

44
Input and Output Commands

45
Format function

46
Vector, Matrix and Array Commands

47
Plotting Commands

48
Command Purpose

49
Data Types Available in MATLAB

50
Data Type Conversion

51
 Example of data conversion
Example- 1:
x=3
isinteger(x)
isfloat(x)
isvector(x)
isscalar(x)
isnumeric(x)
Results:
x=3
ans = 0
ans = 1
ans = 1
ans = 1
ans = 1

52
 Cont.…..
Example-2:
x = 23.54
isinteger(x)
isfloat(x)
isvector(x)
isscalar(x)
isnumeric(x)
Reults:
x = 23.5400
ans = 0
ans = 1
ans = 1
ans = 1
ans = 1

53
 Cont.…..
Example-3
x = [1 2 3]
isinteger(x)
isfloat(x)
isvector(x)
isscalar(x)
Results:
x=1 2 3
ans = 0
ans = 1
ans = 1
ans = 0

54
 Cont.…..
• Example-4
x = 'Hello‘
isinteger(x)
isfloat(x)
isvector(x)
isscalar(x)
isnumeric(x)
Results:
x = Hello
ans = 0
ans = 0
ans = 1
ans = 0
ans = 0

55
Image Manipulation

56
 Reading and Displaying an Image

 To read an image, use the imread command.

Example:
read an image file named ‘c:\aaa.jpg’ and store it in
matrix A.
A = imread(‘c:\aaa.jpg’)

 To display an image, use the

imshow(A) command.

57
Example: Read and Display Image

58
 Manipulating an Image:

Convert to Grayscale:

•To convert an RGB image to grayscale, use the

rgb2gray command.

•Example: convert image A to grayscale:

– B = rgb2gray(A)

59
 Example: Convert to Grayscale

clear, output:
close all
clc
aaa = imread('D:\DEEPAK
\sun temple\de.jpg');
figure, imshow(aaa)
bbb = rgb2gray(aaa)
figure, imshow(bbb)

60
 Image in gray

Image in rgb

61
 Saving an Image

• To save an image,
use the imwrite command.

Example:
write image a into file xxx.jpg:
imwrite(A,’xxx.jpg’,’jpg’)

62
 MATLAB - Operators

•Arithmetic Operators
•Relational Operators
•Logical Operators
•Bitwise Operations
•Set Operations

63
 Arithmetic Operators

MATLAB allows two different types of arithmetic

operations:

•Matrix arithmetic operations

•Array arithmetic operations

64
Cont.…

65
 Relational Operators
• Relational operators can also work on both scalar and non-scalar data.
Relational operators for arrays perform element-by-element
comparisons between two arrays and return a logical array of the
same size, with elements set to logical 1 (true) where the relation is
true and elements set to logical 0 (false) where it is not.

66
 Logical Operators

MATLAB offers two types of logical operators and functions:

Element-wise - these operators operate on corresponding
elements of logical arrays.
Short-circuit - these operators operate on scalar, logical
expressions.

•Element-wise logical operators operate element-by-element

on logical arrays. The symbols &, |, and ~ are the logical array
operators AND, OR, and NOT.
•Short-circuit logical operators allow short-circuiting on
logical operations. The symbols && and || are the logical
short-circuit operators AND and OR.
67
 Bitwise Operations

 Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit-by-bit operation. The truth
tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows:

68
 Set Operations

• MATLAB provides various functions for set operations, like

union, intersection and testing for set membership, etc.

69
 If…else Operator

 The if…else operator tests a condition.

 If the condition is true, then execute the if block.

 If the condition is false, execute the else block.

70
if (condition)
% if block
else
% else block
end

% conditions that can be tested

% == : is equal to
% ~= : is not equal to
% > : larger than
% >= : larger than or equal
% <= : less than or equal
% < : less than
71
Basic Commands

Basic Commands

72
 Variables

 MATLAB can be used to initialize and manipulate many

types of variables:
1. Single Values
2. Matrix
3. String

73
 Declaring Single Variables

 To declare single variables, type in a variable name and

type in its value.

 MATLAB will decide on the data type automatically, so we

don’t have to declare its data type.

 Example:
var1 = 3;
var2 = 56;

74
Cont.....

75
 Cont.....

 Variables cannot have numbers or symbols in front of

them.
 Example of illegal variable names:

1var=1;
#var=45;

76
Cont.....

77
Matrix Variables

78
Cont.....

79
 Accessing Matrix Values

 To access a specific value inside a matrix, use this

command:
 syntax
matrixName(rowNumber, colNumber)
 Example: to access a value inside row 3 and column 2.
mat3=[1,2,3;4,5,6;7,8,9];
disp(mat3)
var11=mat3(1,1)
var23=mat3(2,3)

80
Cont.....

81
 Accessing Whole Columns and Rows

 To get a whole column, use this command:

 varA = matName(:,colNumber);
 To get a whole row, use this command:
 varA = matName(rowNumber,:);

mat=[4,5,6,5;1,8,6,2;9,8,4,1;3,2,8,9];
disp(mat)
col3=mat(:,3)
row2=mat(2,:)

82
Cont.....

83
 Creating a Matrix of Zeros and Ones

 To create a matrix of zeros, use the zeros command.

 To create a matrix of ones, use the ones command.
 Example: create a 6 X 5 matrix of zeros and ones.

zeromatrix=zeros(6,5)
onesmatrix=ones(6,5)

84
Cont.....

85
 Creating a Matrix of Random Numbers
and size of Matrix
 To create a matrix of random numbers, use the rand
command.
 To get the size of the matrix, use the size command.
 Example: create a 7 X 5 matrix of random numbers and
find its colum and row size.

randommatrix=rand(7,5)
[columsize,rowsize]=size(randommatrix);
columsize
rowsize

86
Cont.....

87
 Transposing a Matrix

 A transpose operation changes the column of a matrix into

rows, and rows into columns.
 To do a transpose, use the single quote operator.
mat1=[1.12,4.36,8.36,7.25]
mat1=mat1‘
mat2=[1.40;8.36;7.96;5.36]
mat2=mat2‘
 Transpose the regular matrix:
mat1=[19.12,47.36,48.36;57.36,47.25,79.36;45.36,18.6,19.65]
mat1=mat1'

88
Cont.....

89
Cont.....

90
 Finding the Maximum and Minimum
Value
 To find the maximum value for a matrix, use the max function.
 Syntax:
maxVal = max(mat1);
 To find the minimum value for a matrix, use the min function.
 Syntax:
minVal = min(mat1);
Example:
mat1=[19.12,47.36,48.36;57.36,47.25,79.36;45.36,18.6,19.65]
max(mat1)
max(max(mat1))
mat1=[19.12,47.36,48.36;57.36,47.25,79.36;45.36,18.6,19.65]
min(mat1)
min( min(mat1))
91
Cont.....

Max finds the

maximum value
in each column

When it is run again

on the result, it
returns the single-largest
value in the matrix.

92
Cont.....

Min finds the

minimum value
in each column

When it is run again

on the result, it
returns the minimum
value in the matrix.

93
 Finding the Sum of Columns

 To find the sum of each column, use the sum command.

 Syntax:
colSum = sum(mat1);
 Example:
mat1=[19.12,47.36,48.36;57.36,47.25,79.36;45.36,18.6,19.65]
sum(mat1)
sum(sum(mat1))

94
Cont.....

Sum calculate the

sum of each column.

When it is run again

on the result, it
returns the net sum of
values in the matrix.

95
 Adding Matrices

 To add matrices, use the + operator.

 Syntax:
mat3=mat1+ mat2
 It is necessary that both matrices are in same size.
 Example:
mat1=[19.12,47.36,48.36;57.36,47.25,79.36;45.36,18.6,19.65]
mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36;77.36,47.25,89.36;45.36,98.6,39.65]
mat3=mat1+mat2

96
Cont.....

97
 Subtracting Matrices

 To subtract matrices, use the - operator.

 Syntax:
mat3=mat1 – mat2
 It is necessary that both matrices are in same size.
 Example:
mat1=[19.12,47.36,48.36;57.36,47.25,79.36;45.36,18.6,19.65]
mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36;77.36,47.25,89.36;45.36,98.6,39.65]
mat3=mat1-mat2

98
Cont.....

99
 Multiplying Matrices

 To multiply matrices, use the .* operator.

 Syntax:
mat3=mat1 .* mat2.
 It is necessary that both matrices are in same size.
 Example:
mat1=[19.12,47.36,48.36;57.36,47.25,79.36;45.36,18.6,19.65]
mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36;77.36,47.25,89.36;45.36,98.6,39.65]
mat3=mat1.*mat2

100
Cont.....

101
 Dividing Matrices

 To divide matrices, use the ./ operator.

 Syntax:
mat3=mat1 ./ mat2
 It is necessary that both matrices are in same size.
 Example:
mat1=[19.12,47.36,48.36;57.36,47.25,79.36;45.36,18.6,19.65]
mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36;77.36,47.25,89.36;45.36,98.6,39.65]
mat3=mat1./mat2

102
Cont.....

103
 Sorting Matrices

 To sort a matrix, use the sort command.

 Syntax:
mat1 = sort(A,’ascend’)
Mat2=sort(A,’descend’)
 Default is ascending mode.
 Example:
• Default ascending mode
mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36,77.36,47.25,89.36,45.36,98.6,39.65]
sort(mat2)
• Ascending mode
mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36,77.36,47.25,89.36,45.36,98.6,39.65]
sort(mat2,'ascend')
• Descending mode
mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36,77.36,47.25,89.36,45.36,98.6,39.65]
sort(mat2,'descend')
104
Default ascending mode

105
Ascending mode

106
Descending mode

107
 Ascending and descending of regular
matrix

 Example:

mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36;77.36,47.25,89.36;45.36,98.6,39.65]
sort(mat2,'descend')
sort(mat2,'ascend')

108
Cont.....

109
 Flipping a Matrix

 A matrix can be flipped using the flipud or fliplr commands.

 Command flipud flips the matrix in UP/DOWN direction.
 Command fliplr flips the matrix in LEFT/RIGHT direction.
 Example:
mat2=[29.12,37.36,68.36;77.36,47.25,89.36;45.36,98.6,39.65]
mat3=flipud(mat2)
mat4=fliplr(mat2)

110
Cont.....

111
 Strings

 MATLAB also can accept and manipulate string variables.

 A string is defined by enclosing it in single quotes.
 Example:
astring='Digital Communication!';
disp(astring)

112
Initializing a String

113
 Converting a String to Lowercase

 To convert a string to lowercase, use the lower command.

 Syntax:
lowcasename = lower(stringname)
 Example:
stringname='DIGITAL COMMUNICATION'
newstring=lower(stringname)

114
Cont.....

115
 Converting a String to Uppercase

 To convert a string to uppercase, use the upper command.

 Syntax:
newuppercasestringname = upper(lowercasestringname)
 Example:
stringname='digital communication'
newstring=upper(stringname)

116
Cont.....

117
 Concatenate Strings

 Concatenating string means merging two or more strings

together.
 To concatenate strings, use the strcat command.
 Syntax:
newstring = strcat(string1,string2)
 Example:
string1='M. Tech. in'
string2=' Digital Communivation'
newstring=strcat(string1,string2)

118
Cont.....

119
 Replace String

 To replace part of the string with a new value, use the strrep
command.
 Syntax: replace the word ‘Advance Network’ with the word
‘Digital Communication’ in the string string1.
newstring=strrep(string1,’lama’,’baru’)
 Example:
string1='M. Tech. in Advance Network'
newstring=strrep(string1,'Advance Network','Digital Communication')

120
Cont.....

121
 Line Plot

• The plot function can be used to draw the relationship

between two variables.
• The plot function has different forms, depending on the
input arguments.
• If y is a vector, plot(y) produces a piecewise graph of the
elements of (y) versus the index of the elements of (y).
• Example- >>y =[1 2 3 4 5 7];
>> plot(y)
• If you specify two vectors as arguments, plot(x,y) produces
a graph of y versus x.

122
 ‘xlabel’, ‘ylabel’, and ‘title’

• To label the axes and add title, ‘xlabel’, ‘ylabel’, and ‘title’
functions can be used.
• Example: >> xlabel('string','name','value');
>> ylabel('string','name','value');
>> title('string','name','value');
• String- Text to display as the x-axis label.
• Name- Argument name. Name must appear inside single
quotes (' ').
• Value- Corresponding value.
• We can specify several name and value pair arguments in
any order as Name1,Value1,...,NameN,ValueN.
123
 Name-value pair arguments

1) 'color', 'color name’ -

Table- Predefined colors and their RGB equivalents.

124
 Contd.

2) 'FontAngle',‘value’ –Specifies the character slant, one of

these values: 'normal', 'italic', or 'oblique‘. Default value is
‘normal’.
3) 'FontName',‘Font name’ - Specifies the name of the font to
use for the text object.
4) 'FontSize',value – Specifies the font size.
5) 'FontWeight',‘value’ - Weight of text characters, one of the
following strings: 'normal‘, 'bold’, 'light’, 'demi‘.

125
 Contd.

6) 'Interpreter',‘value’ - Character interpretation, one of the

following strings.

126
 Legend

• The legend function places a legend on various types of

graphs. For each line plotted, the legend shows a sample of
the line type, marker symbol, and color beside the text
label we specify.
• Example: >> legend(‘legend name', 'location', ’location
name');

127
Location name can be one of the following
strings.

128
 Example

• Plot the values of a random matrix.

x=1:50;
y=rand(1,50);
plot(x, y);
xlabel('x axis');
ylabel('y axis');
title('plot of random matrix.');
legend(‘random variable','location','southeast');

129
 Contd.
Title

Y label

Legend

Y label
130
 Example

• Draw sin(x)
x = 0:pi/36:10*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y);

131
 Contd.

xlabel('x axis','color','red');
ylabel('y axis','color','blue');

Y label

X label

132
 Contd.

title('plot of sin(X)','fontsize',12); Title of the graph

133
 Contd.

legend('sin(x)','location','northeast');

Legend

134
 Plotting Multiple Data Sets in One Graph

• Multiple x-y pair arguments create multiple graphs with a

single call to plot.
• Example- x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
y2 = sin(x-.25);
y3 = sin(x-.5);
plot(x,y,x,y2,x,y3);
xlabel(‘x axis’);
ylabel(‘y axis’);
title(‘multiple sine plot’);

135
Contd.

Multiple plots

136
 Contd.

legend('plot1','plot2','plot3','location','northeast');

Legend

137
 Create line plot from Matrix

• Example- y=[16 2 3 13; 5 11 10 8; 9 7 6 12; 4 14 15 1 ];

plot(y);

138
 Specifying line color and style

• Basic format of plot is given by-

• plot(x, y, line parameters);
• It is possible to specify color, line styles, and markers (such
as plus signs or circles) when you plot your data using the
plot command:
• plot(x,y,'color_style_marker');
• For example:
plot(x,y,'r:+')
• It plots a red-dotted line and places plus sign markers at
each data point.

139
Line style

140
Marker style

141
 Plotting the lines using line parameters

• Example-
x=1:10;
y=[3 4 2 6 4 5 2 4 5 3];
plot(x,y,'b:v');
xlabel(‘x axis’);
ylabel(‘y axis’);
title(‘Plot’);
legend('plot1','location','northeast');

142
Contd.

Marker style

Line style

143
 Multiple plot using line parameter

• Example- x = 0:0.2:10;
y0 = besselj(0,x);
y1 = besselj(1,x);
y2 = besselj(2,x);
y3 = besselj(3,x);
y4 = besselj(4,x);
y5 = besselj(5,x);
y6 = besselj(6,x);
plot(x, y0, 'r+', x, y1, 'go', x, y2, 'b*', x, y3,
'cx',x, y4, 'ms', x, y5, 'yd', x, y6, 'kv');

144
Contd.

Marker style

145
 Specify line width, marker size and marker
color

• Example-
x = -pi:pi/10:pi;
y = tan(sin(x)) - sin(tan(x));
plot(x,y,'--gs','LineWidth',2,'MarkerSize',10,
'MarkerEdgeColor','b', 'MarkerFaceColor','r');

146
Contd.

147
 Sub plot

• It divides the current figure into a grid that is numbered

row- wise.
• Basic format is : subplot(m,n,p).
• It breaks the window in m-by-n grid and create an axes
object in the pth location for the current plot.
• m= number of rows
• n= number of column
• Example-
s(1) = subplot(2,1,1);
s(2) = subplot(2,1,2);

148
Contd.

Sub plot s(1)

Sub plot s(2)

149
 Example

• Draw two plots in one figure.

x= 0:pi/36:10*pi;
y= sin(x);
y1=cos(x)+sin(x);
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(y,'b-.');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(y1,'r-');

150
Contd.

Plot (y)

Plot (y1)

151
 Example

• Divide figure into 4 grid i.e., s(1), s(2), s(3), s(4).

s(1)=subplot(2,2,1);
s(2)=subplot(2,2,2);
s(3)=subplot(2,2,3);
s(4)=subplot(2,2,4);

152
 Contd.

Subplot s(1) Subplot s(2)

Subplot s(3) Subplot s(4)

153
 Adding Plots to an Existing Graph

• MATLAB command hold on is used to add the plot to an

existing graph.
• MATLAB does not replace the existing graph when we
issue another plotting command; it adds the new data to
the current graph, rescaling the axes if necessary.
• Command hold off reset the hold state.

154
 Example

• Add plot to an existing graph

x = -pi:pi/20:pi;
y1 = sin(x);
y2 = cos(x);
plot(x,y1);
hold on
plot(x,y2);
hold off

155
 Contd.

Plot of y1

Plot of y2

156
 Plotyy

• It is a 2-D line plots with y-axes on both left and right side.
• Baisc format-
plotyy(X1,Y1,X2,Y2);
• It plots X1 versus Y1 with y-axis labelling on the left and
plots X2 versus Y2 with y-axis labelling on the right.
• plotyy(X1,Y1,X2,Y2,function) uses the specified plotting
function to produce the graph.
• plotyy(X1,Y1,X2,Y2,'function1','function2') uses function1
(X1,Y1) to plot the data for the left axis and function2
(X2,Y2) to plot the data for the right axis.

157
 Example

• Plot two data sets with different y axes.

x = 0:0.01:20;
y1 = 200*exp(-0.05*x).*sin(x);
y2 = 0.8*exp(-0.5*x).*sin(10*x);
plotyy(x,y1,x,y2);

158
 Contd.

Plot of y1

Plot of y2

159
 Example

• Plot two data sets using a graph with two y-axes. Add a title
and axis labels.
x = 0:0.01:20;
y1 = 200*exp(-0.05*x).*sin(x);
y2 = 0.8*exp(-0.5*x).*sin(10*x);
[HA,hLine1,hLine2] = plotyy(x,y1,x,y2);
title('Multiple Decay Rates');
xlabel('Time (\musec)');
ylabel(HA(1),'Slow Decay');
ylabel(HA(2),'Fast Decay');

160
 Contd.

Title

y1 label
y2 label

x label 161
 Contd.

• Plot two data sets using a graph with two y-axes. Change
the line styles.
x = 0:0.01:20;
y1 = 200*exp(-0.05*x).*sin(x);
y2 = 0.8*exp(-0.5*x).*sin(10*x);
[hAx,hLine1,hLine2] = plotyy(x,y1,x,y2);
set(hLine1,'LineStyle','--');
set(hLine2,'LineStyle',':');

162
 Contd.

Line style 1

Line style 2

163
 Example

• Plot two data sets using a graph with two y-axes. Use a line
plot for the data associated with the left y-axes. Use a stem
plot for the data associated with the right y-axes.
x = 0:0.1:10;
y1 = 200*exp(-0.05*x).*sin(x);
y2 = 0.8*exp(-0.5*x).*sin(10*x);
plotyy(x,y1,x,y2,'plot','stem');

164
 Contd.

Line plot

Stem plot

165
 Example

• Plot three data sets using a graph with two y-axes. Plot one
set of data associated with the left y-axis. Plot two sets of
data associated with the right y-axis by using two-column
matrices.
x = 0:0.1:10;
y1 = 200*exp(-0.05*x).*sin(x);
y2 = 0.8*exp(-0.5*x).*sin(10*x);
y3 = 0.2*exp(-0.5*x).*sin(10*x);
plotyy(x,y1,[x',x'],[y2',y3']);

166
 Example

Plot of y2 Plot of y1

y1 axis

y2 and
y3 axis

Plot of y3

167
 Example
• Plot two data sets with different y axes. Plot one data using
semilogarithmic scaling and plot other data using linear
scaling on y axes.
t = 0:900;
z1 = 1000*exp(-0.005*t);
z2 = sin(a*t);
[haxes,hline1,hline2] = plotyy(t,z1,t,z2,'semilogy','plot');
ylabel(haxes(1),'Semilog Plot');
ylabel(haxes(2),'Linear Plot');
xlabel(haxes(2),'Time');
set(hline1,'LineStyle','--','LineWidth',2);
set(hline2,'LineWidth',2);
168
 Contd.

Semi log
axes

Linear
axes

169
 Plot3

• The plot3 function displays a three-dimensional plot of a

set of data points.
• Basic format:
plot3(X1,Y1,Z1);
• Example- Plot a 3-D helix.
t = 0:pi/50:10*pi;
st = sin(t);
ct = cos(t);
h=plot3(st,ct,t);

170
 Contd.

z axes

x axes
y axes
171
 Loglog

• Basic format:
loglog(x,y,LineSpec)
• It plots the y versus x using log scale on both axis.
• Example-
x = logspace(-1,2);
y = exp(x);
loglog(x,y,'-s');
grid on
• grid on adds major grid lines to the current axes.
• grid off removes all grid lines from the current axes.

172
 Contd.

Log axes

173
 Semilogx

• Basic format:
semilogx(x,y,LineSpec)
• semilogx plot data as logarithmic scales for the x-axis.
• Example-
x = 0:1000;
y = log(x);
semilogx(x,y);
grid on

174
 Contd.

Linear axes

Semilog axes
175
 Semilogy

• Basic format:
semilogy(x,y,LineSpec)
• semilogy plot data as logarithmic scales for the y-axis.
• Example-
x = 0:0.1:10;
y = exp(x);
semilogy(x,y);
grid on

176
 Contd.

Semilog axes

177
 Fplot

• fplot plots a function between specified limits.

• Basic format:
fplot(fun,limits,LineSpec)
• Example-
a= @tanh;
fplot(a,[-2,2])

178
Contd.

Limited by -2 to 2

179
 Ezplot

• It is a easy-to-use function plotter.

• Formats:
• ezplot(fun) - plots the expression fun(x) over the default
domain -2π < x < 2π, where fun(x) is an explicit function of
only x.
• ezplot(fun,[xmin,xmax]) - plots fun(x) over the domain:
xmin < x < xmax.
• ezplot(fun,[xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax]) - plots fun(x,y) over
xmin < x < xmax and ymin < y < ymax.
• Example-
ezplot('x^2')

180
Contd.

181
 Bar plot

• Types of bar plot:

• Example-
Y = [5,2,1 8,7,3 9,8,6 5,5,5 4,3,2];
bar(Y);

182
Contd.

Distribute the bars

along x axes

183
 Contd.

• To stack the elements in a row, specify the stacked option

for the bar function.
>>bar(Y,'stacked');

Stacked the elements

in a row

184
 Contd.

• To distributes bars along the y-axis.

>>barh(Y);

Distribute the bars

along y axes

185
 Contd.

• To draws each element as a separate 3-D block and

distributes the elements of each column along the y-axis.
>>bar3(Y);

186
 Contd.

• To stack the elements in a row, specify the stacked option

for the bar3 function.
>>bar3(Y,'stacked');

187
 Contd.

• To draws each element as a separate 3-D block and

distributes the elements of each column along the z-axis.
>>bar3h(Y);

188
 Pie graph

• pie(X) draws a pie chart using the data in X. Each element

in X is represented as a slice in the pie chart.
• If sum(X) ≤ 1, then the values in X directly specify the area
of the pie slices. pie draws only a partial pie if sum(X) < 1.
• If the sum of the elements in X is greater than one, then pie
normalizes the values by X/sum(X) to determine the area
of each slice of the pie.
• Example-
x = [1,3,0.5,2.5,2];
pie(x);

189
Contd.

190
 Contd.

• To offset the second and fourth pie slices, set the

corresponding explode elements to 1.
• Example- explode = [0,1,0,1,0];
pie(x,explode);

Second pie slice Fourth pie slice

191
 Contd.
• To specify the text labels for a pie chart.
• Example- x = 1:3;
labels ={'Taxes','Expenses','Profit'};
pie(x,labels);

192
 Contd.

• To create a partial pie chart.

• Example-
x = [0.19,0.22,0.41];
pie(x);

• Since the sum of the elements in x is less than 1, pie draws

a partial pie.

193
Contd.

Fourth pie slice

is not present

194
 Pie3

• It draws a three-dimensional pie chart using the data in X.

Each element in X is represented as a slice in the pie chart.
• If sum(X) ≤ 1, then the values in X directly specify the area
of the pie slices. pie3 draws only a partial pie if sum(X) < 1.
• If the sum of the elements in X is greater than one, then pie
normalizes the values by X/sum(X) to determine the area
of each slice of the pie.
• Example-
x = [1,3,0.5,2.5,2];
pie3(x);

195
Contd.

196
 Contd.
• To offset the second pie slice, set the corresponding
explode element to 1.
• Example- explode = [0,1,0,0,0];
pie3(x,explode);

197
 Area graph

• An area graph displays elements in Y as one or more curves

and fills the area beneath each curve. When Y is a matrix,
the curves are stacked showing the relative contribution of
each row element to the total height of the curve at each x
interval.
• area(Y) plots the vector Y or plots each column in matrix Y
as a separate curve and stacks the curves. The x-axis
automatically scales to 1:size(Y,1).
• area(X,Y) For vectors X and Y, area(X,Y) is the same as
plot(X,Y) except that the area between 0 and Y is filled.
When Y is a matrix, area(X,Y) plots the columns of Y as
filled areas. For each X, the net result is the sum of
corresponding values from the rows of Y.
198
 Example

• Plot the data in matrix Y as an area graph.

• Example- Y = [1, 5, 3; 3, 2, 7; 1, 5, 3; 2, 6, 1];
area(Y); Stacked the second
Column with the
first column.

Plot the first

column of y matrix

199
 Example

• By default, area uses the y-axis as the base value. Change

the base value by setting the basevalue input argument to -
4.
Y = [1, 5, 3; 3, 2, 7; 1, 5, 3; 2, 6, 1];
basevalue = -4;
area(Y,basevalue);

200
 Contd.

Base value set

to -4

201
 Stem plot

• stem(Y) plots the data sequence, Y, as stems that extend

from a baseline along the x-axis. The data values are
indicated by circles terminating each stem.
• stem(X,Y) plots the data sequence, Y, at values specified by
X. The X and Y inputs must be vectors or matrices of the
same size. Additionally, X can be a row or column vector
and Y must be a matrix with length(X) rows.

202
 Example

• Create a stem plot of 50 data values between -2*pi and

2*pi.
Y = linspace(-2*pi,2*pi,50);
stem(Y);

203
 Example

• Plot two data series using a two-column matrix.

X = linspace(0,2*pi,50)';
Y = [cos(X), 0.5*sin(X)]; Sine plot
stem(Y);

Cos plot

204
 Example

• Plot 50 data values of cosine evaluated between 0 and specify the set
of x values for the stem plot.
X = linspace(0,2*pi,50)';
Y = cos(X);
stem(X,Y);

205
 Example

• Plot 50 data values of sine and cosine evaluated between 0

and specify the set of x values for the stem plot.
X = linspace(0,2*pi,50)';
Y = [cos(X), 0.5*sin(X)]; Sine plot
stem(X,Y);

Cos plot

206
 Example

• Plot 50 data values of sine and cosine evaluated at different

sets of x values. Specify the corresponding sets of x values
for each series.
x1 = linspace(0,2*pi,50)';
x2 = linspace(pi,3*pi,50)';
X = [x1, x2];
Y = [cos(x1), 0.5*sin(x2)];
stem(X,Y);

207
 Contd.

Cos and sine plot

with different
x values

208
 Example

• Create a stem plot and fill in the circles that terminate

X = linspace(0,10,20)';
Y = (exp(0.25*X));
stem(X,Y,'fill');

209
 Example

• Create a figure with two subplots and return the handles to

each axes, s(1) and s(2). Create a stem plot in the lower
subplot by referring to its axes handle, s(2).
s(1) = subplot(2,1,1);
s(2) = subplot(2,1,2);
X = 0:25;
Y = [exp(0.1*X); -exp(.05*X)]';
stem(s(2),X,Y);

210
Contd.
S(1) subplot

S(2) subplot

211
 Stair step graph

• stairs(Y) draws a stairstep graph of the elements in Y.

• If Y is a vector, then the x-axis scale ranges from 1 to
length(Y).
• If Y is a matrix, then stairs draws one line per matrix
column and the x-axis scale ranges from 1 to the number of
rows in Y.
• stairs(X,Y) plots the elements in Y at the locations specified
in X. The inputs X and Y must be vectors or matrices of the
same size. Additionally, X can be a row or column vector
and Y must be a matrix with length(X) rows

212
 Example

• Create a stairstep plot of sine evaluated at 40 equally

spaced values between 0 and 4*pi.
X = linspace(0,4*pi,40);
Y = sin(X);
stairs(Y);

213
 Example

• Create a stairstep plot of two cosine functions evaluated at

50 equally spaced values between 0 and 4*pi.
X = linspace(0,4*pi,50)';
Y = [0.5*cos(X), 2*cos(X)]; 2*cos(X)
stairs(Y);

0.5*cos(X)

214
 Example

• Create a stairstep plot of two cosine waves evaluated at

equally spaced values between 0 and . Specify the set of x-
values for the plot.

X = linspace(0,4*pi,50)';
Y = [0.5*cos(X), 2*cos(X)];
stairs(X,Y);

215
 Example

• Create a stairstep plot of two sine waves evaluated at

different values. Specify a unique set of x-values for
plotting each data series.

x1 = linspace(0,2*pi)';
x2 = linspace(0,pi)';
X = [x1,x2];
Y = [sin(5*x1),exp(x2).*sin(5*x2)];
stairs(X,Y);

216
 Contd.

exp(x2).*sin(5*x2)
sin(5*x1)

217
 Example

• Create a figure with two subplots and return the two axes
handles, s(1) and s(2). Create a stairstep plot in each
subplot by referring to the axes handles.
s(1) = subplot(2,1,1);
s(2) = subplot(2,1,2);
X = linspace(0,2*pi);
Y1 = 5*sin(X);
Y2 = sin(5*X);
stairs(s(1),X,Y1);
stairs(s(2),X,Y2);

218
 Contd.

5*sin(X)

sin(5*X)

219
 Stem3

• stem3(Z) plots entries in Z as stems extending from the xy-

plane and terminating with circles at the entry values. The
stem locations in the xy-plane are automatically generated.
• stem3(X,Y,Z) plots entries in Z as stems extending from the
xy-plane where X and Y specify the stem locations in the xy-
plane. The inputs X, Y, and Z must be vectors or matrices of
the same size.

220
 Example

• Create a 3-D stem plot of cosine values between and with a

row vector input.
X = linspace(-pi/2,pi/2,40);
Z = cos(X);
stem3(Z);

221
 Example

• Create a 3-D stem plot of sine and cosine values –pi/2

between pi/2 and with a matrix input.
X = linspace(-pi/2,pi/2,40);
Z = [sin(X); cos(X)];
stem3(Z);

222
 Example

• Create a 3-D stem plot and specify the stem locations along
a curve. Use view to adjust the angle of the axes in the
figure.
X = linspace(-5,5,60);
Y = cos(X);
Z = X.^2;
stem3(X,Y,Z);
view(-8,30);

223
 Example

• Create a 3-D stem plot with matrix data and specify the
stem locations in the xy-plane.
[X,Y] = meshgrid(0:.1:1);
Z = exp(X+Y);
stem3(X,Y,Z);

224
 Example

• Create a 3-D stem plot of cosine values between -pi and pi .

Use 'fill' to fill in the markers.
X = linspace(-pi,pi,40);
Z = cos(X);
stem3(Z,'fill');

225
 Example

• Create a 3-D stem plot and specify the stem locations along
a circle. Set the stem to a dotted line style, the marker
symbols to stars, and the color to magenta.

theta = linspace(0,2*pi);
X = cos(theta);
Y = sin(theta);
Z = theta;
stem3(X,Y,Z,':*m');

226
 Contd.

Marker style symbol

Dotted line style

227
 Scatter plot

• Scatter(X,Y) displays circles at the locations specified by

the vectors X and Y. This type of graph is also known as a
bubble plot.
• Scatter(X,Y,S) draws each circle with the size specified by S.
To plot each circle with equal size, specify S as a scalar. To
plot each circle with a specific size, specify S as a vector
with length equal to the length of X and Y.
• Scatter(X,Y,S,C) draws each circle with the color specified
by C.

228
 Example

• Define x to contain 200 equally spaced values between 0

and . Initialize the random-number generator to make the
output of rand repeatable, and define y to contain cosine
values with random noise.
x = linspace(0,3*pi,200);
y = cos(x)+ rand(1,200);
scatter(x,y);

229
 Example

• Vary circle size and color.

s = linspace(1,50,length(x)); Large size circles
c = linspace(1,10,length(x));
scatter(x,y,s,c);
zoom(2);

Small size circles

230
 Example

• To fill the circles.

scatter(x,y,s,c,'fill');

Large size filled circles

Small size
filled circles

231
 Example

• Create a figure with two subplots and return the handles to

the two subplot axes in array hs. Create a scatter plot in the
upper subplot using the axes handle, hs(1). In the lower
subplot, create another scatter plot from the same data
sample and use filled, diamond markers.
hs(1) = subplot(1,2,1);
hs(2) = subplot(1,2,2);
s = 30;
c = linspace(1,10,length(x));
scatter(hs(1),x,y,s,c);
scatter(hs(2),x,y,s,c,'fill','d');
232
 Example

Subplot 2
Subplot 1

Diamond
Circle marker marker

233
 Scatter3

• Scatter3(X,Y,Z) displays circles at the locations specified by

the vectors X, Y, and Z.
• Scatter3(X,Y,Z,S) draws each circle with the size specified
by S. To plot each circle with equal size, specify S as a
scalar. To plot each circle with a specific size, specify S as a
vector.
• Scatter3(X,Y,Z,S,C) draws each circle with the color
specified by C.

234
 Example

• Create a 3-D scatter plot. Use sphere to define vectors x, y,

and z.

[X,Y,Z] = sphere(16);
x = [0.5*X(:); 0.75*X(:); X(:)];
y = [0.5*Y(:); 0.75*Y(:); Y(:)];
z = [0.5*Z(:); 0.75*Z(:); Z(:)];
scatter3(x,y,z);

235
 Contd.

Z-axis

Y-axis X-axis
236
 Example

• Vary marker size, marker color and fill the marker.

S = repmat([50,25,10],numel(X),1);
C = repmat([1,2,3],numel(X),1);
s = S(:);
c = C(:);
scatter3(x,y,z,s,c, 'fill');

237
 Contd.

Large size filled circles

Small size filled circles

238
 Polar coordinate plot

• The polar function accepts polar coordinates, plots them in

a Cartesian plane, and draws the polar grid on the plane.
• Polar(theta,rho) creates a polar coordinate plot of the
angle theta versus the radius rho. theta is the angle from
the x-axis to the radius vector specified in radians; rho is
the length of the radius vector specified in data space units.
• polar(theta,rho,LineSpec) LineSpec specifies the line type,
plot symbol, and color for the lines drawn in the polar plot.

239
 Example

• Create a simple polar plot using a dashed red line.

theta = 0:0.01:2*pi;
rho = sin(2*theta).*cos(2*theta);
polar(theta,rho,'--r');

240
 Ezpolar

• It is easy-to-use polar coordinate plotter.

• Ezpolar(fun) plots the polar curve rho = fun(theta) over the
default domain 0 < theta < 2π.
• Where, fun can be a function handle or a string.
• Example- Plot the function 1+cos(t) over the domain [0,
2π] .
ezpolar('1+cos(t)');

241
Contd.

242
 Contour plot

• A contour plot displays isolines of matrix Z.

• Contour(Z) draws a contour plot of matrix Z, where Z is
interpreted as heights with respect to the x-y plane.
• Contour(X,Y,Z), contour(X,Y,Z,n), and contour(X,Y,Z,v) draw
contour plots of Z using X and Y to determine the x- and y-
axis limits.
• If X and Y are vectors, then the length of X must equal the
number of columns in Z and the length of Y must equal the
number of rows in Z.
• If X and Y are matrices, then their sizes must equal the size
of Z.

243
 Example

• Use the meshgrid function to generate matrices X and Y.

Create a third matrix, Z, and plot its contours.

x = linspace(-2*pi,2*pi);
y = linspace(0,4*pi);
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = sin(X)+cos(Y);
contour(X,Y,Z);

244
Contd.

245
 Example

• Store the data from the peaks function in matrices X, Y, and

Z. Plot 20 contours of the data in Z.
[X,Y,Z] = peaks;
contour(X,Y,Z,20);

246
 Example
• Set up matrices X, Y, and Z. Create a contour plot and
display the contour labels by setting the ‘show text’
property to on.

x = -2:0.2:2; y = -2:0.2:3;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
contour(X,Y,Z,'ShowText','on‘);

247
 Example

• Create a contour plot of the peaks function and display

only one contour level at Z = 1.
x = -3:0.125:3;
y = -3:0.125:3;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x,y);
Z = peaks(X,Y);
v = [1,1];
contour(X,Y,Z,v);

248
 Contourf

• This is a filled 2-D contour plot.

• Example- Use the peaks function to define z as a 20-by-20
matrix. Create a filled contour plot of z with 10 contour
lines.
Z = peaks(20);
contourf(Z,10);

249
 Contour3

• It creates a 3-D contour plot of a surface defined on a

rectangular grid.
• Example- Set up matrices X and Y using the meshgrid
function. Plot 30 contours of matrix Z.

x = -2:0.25:2;
[X,Y] = meshgrid(x);
Z = X.*exp(-X.^2-Y.^2);
contour3(X,Y,Z,30);

250
Contd.

251