Computer Networks (CN)

GTU #3150710

Unit-1:
Introduction to
Computer Networks &
Internet
Prof. Maulik D Trivedi
Computer Engineering
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
+91-9998265805
 Outline
Looping
• What is Computer Network?
• Advantages of Computer Network
• Applications of Computer Network
• Type of Computer Network
• What is Internet?
• The Network Edge & The Network Core
• Transmission Media
• Network Topologies
• Protocol Layers
• Delay, Loss & Throughput
What is Computer Network?
 Computer Network is a system in which multiple computers are connected to each other to
share information and resources.

Network
Wireless
Devices

Computers

Wired

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 3
Advantages of Computer Network

File Sharing Flexible Access

Better Communication
Entertainment

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 4
Advantages of Computer Network

Internet Access Inexpensive System

Instant and Multiple Access Resource Sharing

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 5
Applications of Computer Network

Email Services Teleconferencing

Business & Finance File & Directory Services

& Many More….

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 6
Types of Computer Network
 Computer networks can be categories by their size as well as their purpose.
 The size of a network can be expressed by the geographic area.
 Some of the different networks based on size are:
Network
Local Area Metropolitan Wide Area
Network Area Network Network
(LAN) (MAN) (WAN)

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 7
Local Area Network
 A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a
limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus or office building.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 8
Metropolitan Area Network
 A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects with computer in a
metropolitan area like city.
 MAN is a larger than LAN but smaller than the area covered by a WAN.
 It is also used to interconnection of several local area network.

Navagam
Morbi

Rajkot

Shapar

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 9
Wide Area Network
 A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that exists over a large-scale geographical
area.
 A WAN connects different networks, including local area networks (LAN) and metropolitan area
networks (MAN).
 It may be located with in a state or a country or it may be interconnected around the world.

Asia

America

Africa

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 10
Types of Computer Networks - Summary

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 11
Types of Computer Networks - Summary
Comparison LAN MAN WAN
Full Name Local Area Network Metropolitan Area Network Wide Area Network
Meaning A network that connects a group It covers relatively large region It spans large locality &
of computers in a small such as cities, towns connects countries together.
geographical area e.g. Internet

Ownership of Network Private Private or Public Private or Public (VPN)

Design and Maintenance Easy Difficult Difficult

Propagation Delay Short Moderate Long

Speed High Moderate Low

Equipment Used NIC, Switch, Hub Modem, Router Microwave, Radio Transmitter &
Receiver
Range(Approximately) 1 to 10 km 10 to 100 km Beyond 100 km
Used for College, School, Hospital Small towns, City State, Country, Continent

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 12
What is Internet?
 The internet is a type of world-wide computer network.
 The internet is the collection of infinite numbers of connected computers that are spread
across the world.

Mobile Network

Network Components Global ISP

PC
Home
Network
server wireless Regional ISP
links

wireless Wired link

laptop

smartphone
router

Institutional
Network

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 13
What is Protocol?
 Human Protocol(Language)  Network Protocol
 “what’s the time?”  Set of rules
 “I have a question”  Machines rather than humans.
 Introduction Talk  All communication activity in Internet
governed by protocols.

Protocol is define format,

order of message that sent
and received among network
entities, and actions taken
on message transmission
and reception.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 14
The Network Edge
 Computers and other devices are connected at the edge (end) of the network.
 These computers are known as hosts or end systems. Router is known as edge router.

mobile network
Global ISP

Home
Network
Regional ISP

Institutional
Network
Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 15
Peer to Peer Network
 Computers are connected together so that users can share resources and information.

 There is no central server for authenticating users, each of them works as both client and
server.
 e.g. Bit Torrent

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 16
Client – Server Network
 Client: Request servers for a task.
 Generally called desktop PCs or workstations.
 Server: Receive requests from the clients. Process and response them.
 e.g. Web Server, Email Server

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 17
The Network Core
 Defines the connection of different network segments together and process to transmit data
packets across the network.
 It is implemented through the use of switching techniques.

Switched
Networks

Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched
Networks Networks

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 18
Circuit Switched Network
 A dedicated channel has to be established before the call is made between users.
 The channel is reserved between the users till the connection is active.
 For half duplex(one way) communication, one channel is allocated and for full duplex(two way)
communication, two channels are allocated.
 It is mainly used for voice communication requiring real time services without delay.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 19
Circuit Switched Network – Cont…
 Communication via circuit switching involves three phases:
1. Circuit Establishment
2. Data Transfer
3. Circuit Disconnect

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 20
Packet Switched Network
 It is not required to establish the connection initially.
 The connection/channel is available to use by users. But when traffic or number of users
increases then it will lead to congestion in the network.
 Packet switched networks are mainly used for data and voice applications requiring non-real
time scenarios.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 21
Differences

Circuit Switching Packet Switching

 Dedicated path between source and  No dedicated path
destination
 All packets use same path  Packets travel independently
 Reserve the entire bandwidth in advance  Does not reserve bandwidth
 Bandwidth wastage  No bandwidth wastage
 No store and forward transmission  Supports store and forward
transmission

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 22
Switching Network

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 23
Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 24
Transmission Media
Transmission Media
 A transmission media can be defined as any medium that can carry information from a source
to a destination. Transmission Media

Guided Media (Wired) Unguided Media (Wireless)

Twisted- Coaxial Fiber Optic Infrared

Radio Wave Microwave
Pair Cable Cable Cable Wave

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 26
Guided Media
 Guided media are those that provide a wired - channel from one device to another.
 Three Guided media commonly used for data transmission are:

Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Fiber Optic Cable

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 27
Twisted Pair Cable
 Separately insulated
 Twisted together
 It is widely used in different kinds of data and voice infrastructure.
 The use of two wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction.
 Two types of twisted pair cable:

UTP STP
(Unshielded Twisted Pair) (Shielded Twisted Pair)

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 28
Twisted Pair Cable – Cont…
 UTP(Unshielded Twisted Pair)
 Ordinary telephone wires
 Less expensive
 Weak immunity against noise & interferences
 Most used in two categories: Cat-3 & Cat-5
 Used in laboratory
 STP(Shielded Twisted Pair)
 An extra metallic shield on each pair
 Relatively more expensive
 Better performance than UTP
 Used in exterior network(outside of building).

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 29
Coaxial Cable
Insulator

Inner
Plastic cover Conductor
Outer conductor
(shield)

 Outer conductor is braided shield.

 Inner conductor is solid metal.
 Separated by insulating material, and whole cover by plastic cover.
 Used in television, long distance telephone transmission.
 High bandwidth and excellent noise immunity.
Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 30
Fiber Optic Cable
 A fiber-optic cable is made of glass or plastic and transmits
signals in the form of light.
 Light travels in a straight line as long as it is moving through a
single uniform substance.
 It is surrounded by a cladding of less dense glass or plastic so,
difference in density of the two materials must be such that a
beam of light moving through the core is reflected off the
cladding instead of being refracted into it.
 It use reflection to guide light through a channel.
 Small size & Weight
 Used in high bandwidth network
 High data rate & lower attenuation

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 31
Unguided Media
 Unguided media transmit electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor.
 This type of communication is often referred to as wireless communication.
1. Radio wave
2. Microwave
3. Infrared Wave

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 32
Radio wave

 Highly regulated
 Omni directional antennas
 Penetrate through walls
 The sending and receiving antennas need not be aligned.
 Frequency Range:3KHz – 1GHz.
 It used for multicast communications, AM and FM radios and cordless phones use Radio waves for
transmission. 
 Categorized as (i) Terrestrial and (ii) Satellite. 

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 33
Microwave
 Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight communications.
 Microwave communication.
 Used for unicast communication such as cellular telephones, satellite networks.
 Higher frequency ranges cannot efficiently penetrate walls.
 Frequency Range: 1GHz – 300GHz.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 34
Infrared wave
 Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a closed area using line-of-sight
propagation
 Used on televisions, VCRs, and stereos all use infrared communication.
 Relatively directional
 Cheap, easy to build but they do not pass through solid objects

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 35
Network Topologies
Network Topologies
 Network topology is the arrangement of the various components (links, nodes, etc.) of a
computer network.
 Types of network topologies :
1. Bus
2. Ring
3. Star
4. Mesh
5. Tree
6. Hybrid

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 37
Bus Topology
 Every computer and network device is connected to
single cable
 It transmits data only in one direction.
 Cost effective
 Used in small networks
 Easy to expand joining two cables together
 It is used in early LAN connection

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 38
Ring Topology
 It forms a ring as each computer is connected to another
computer, with the last one connected to the first.
 Transmission is unidirectional & sequential way that is bit
by bit.
 Transmitting network is not affected by high traffic or by
adding more nodes, as only the nodes having tokens can
transmit data.
 Cheap to install and expand.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 39
Star Topology
 Computers are connected to a single central hub through a
cable.
 Fast performance with few nodes and low network traffic.
 Easy to troubleshoot & Easy to setup and modify.
 Only that node is affected which has failed rest of the
nodes can work smoothly.
 Hub can be upgraded easily.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 40
Mesh Topology
 Point-to-point connection to other devices or fully connected.
 Traffic is carried only between two connected devices.
 Robust, costly but not flexible.
 Fault is diagnosed easily.
 More cable resource used in setup.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 41
Tree Topology

 It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to it forming a hierarchy.
 Also called hierarchical topology.
 Mostly used in Wide Area Network – WAN.
 Expansion of nodes is possible and easy.
 Easily managed and maintained.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 42
Hybrid Topology

 A network structure whose design contains more than one topology is said to be hybrid
topology.
 It is a combination of two or more topologies.
 Flexible & reliable as error detection and easy to troubleshoot.
 Scalable as size can be increased easily.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 43
Comparison of Topologies
Bus Ring Star Mesh Tree
Means every computer Each computer All the All the network It has a root
and network is connected to computers are nodes are node and all
device is another, with the connected to a connected to other nodes are
connected to last one single hub each other. connected to it
single cable. connected to through a cable. forming a
the first. hierarchy.

Cost Average Cheap High High High

Used in Small Network Expand Network Small Network Expand Network Expand Network

Troubleshoot Easy, But Difficult; Failure Easy; Difficult; Easy;

Cables fail then of one computer If the hub fails Installation and Central root hub
whole network disturbs the then the whole configuration is fails, network
fails. whole network. network is difficult. fails.
down.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 44
Protocol Layers
Protocols Layers
 To deals with connecting systems that are open for communication with other systems.
 OSI Layer Model (Open Systems Interconnection)
 Developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) with seven different layers.
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 46
Example – Air Plane Travel

Departure Arrival

ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 47
How OSI Layer Works?

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 48
Physical Layer

 The physical layer is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop (node) to the
next.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 49
Physical Layer – Cont…
 Carries the bit stream over a physical media.
 Physical Layer is concerned with:
 Interface and Medium like guided cables
 Representation of bits
 Data rate
 Synchronization of bits
 Line configuration
 Physical topology
 Transmission mode

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 50
Data Link Layer

 The data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 51
Data Link Layer – Cont…
 Data link layer is concerned with:
 Framing – divide bits stream into data unit (frame)
 Physical addressing
 Flow control – avoid over overwhelming
 Error control – bit loses, retransmission
 Access control

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 52
Network Layer

 The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the source host to
the destination host.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 53
Network Layer – Cont…
 In this layer, packet is combined with header and data.
 In case of data link layer, packet delivers on the same network.
 If two different networks are connected then packet is concern with network layer.
 Network layer is concerned with:
 Logical addressing e.g. 192.168.1.1 (IP Address)
 Routing

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 54
Transport Layer

 The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 55
Transport Layer – Cont…
 This layer ensures that the whole message arrives intact and in order.
 Transport layer is concerned with:
 Service-point addressing (port address)
 Segmentation and Reassembly
 Connection Control
 Flow and Error Control

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 56
Session Layer

 The session layer is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 57
Session Layer – Cont…
 This layer is network dialog controller – establishes, maintains, synchronizes the interaction
among computers.
 Session layer is concerned with:
 Dialog control
 Synchronization

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 58
Presentation Layer

 The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 59
Presentation Layer – Cont…
 This layer is concerned with the syntax which refers to order in which data is presented and
semantics helps in interpreting a particular pattern.
 Presentation layer is responsible for:
 Translation
 Encryption
 Compression

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 60
Application Layer

 The application layer is responsible for providing services to the user.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 61
Application Layer – Cont…
 This layer provides various services like:
 Network virtual terminal
 File transfer, access and management
 Mail services
 Directory services

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 62
Summary – OSI Layer

To allow access to
Application network resource
To translate, encrypt and
compress data Presentation
To establish, manage
Session and terminate sessions
To provide reliable process-
to-process message delivery
and error recovery Transport
To move packets from
source to destination; To
Network provide internetworking
To organize bits into
frames; To provide hop- Data link
to-hop delivery To transmit bits over a
medium; To provide
Physical
mechanical & electrical
specification

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 63
TCP/IP Reference Model
(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol)

 It was originally defined as having five layers:

 TCP/IP is a set of protocols developed to allow cooperating computers to share resources
across the network.
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Data Link Layer
5. Physical Network

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 64
TCP/IP Model Architecture

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 65
Comparison

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 66
Difference - OSI Model and TCP/IP Protocol Layers
OSI TCP/IP
(Open System Interconnection) (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)

 It has 7 layers  It has 5 layers

OSI Model
&  OSI provides layer functioning and also  TCP/IP model is more based on protocols and
defines functions of all the layers protocols are not flexible with other layers
TCP/IP Protocol
Layer  Follows horizontal approach  Follows vertical approach

 OSI model has a separate presentation layer  TCP/IP doesn’t have a separate
presentation layer
 OSI model has a problem of fitting the  TCP/IP model does not fit any protocol
protocols in the model

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 67
Majors between OSI Model and TCP/IP Protocol Layers
OSI TCP/IP
(Open System Interconnection) (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol)

 Network layer of OSI model provide both  The Network layer in TCP/IP model provides
OSI Model connection oriented and connectionless connectionless service
& service
 OSI provides layer functioning and also  TCP/IP model is more based on protocols and
TCP/IP Protocol defines functions of all the layers protocols are not flexible with other layers
Layer
 Protocols are hidden in OSI model and are  In TCP/IP, replacing protocol is not easy
easily replaced as the technology changes
 OSI model defines services, interfaces and  In TCP/IP, it is not clearly separated its
protocols very clearly and makes clear services, interfaces and protocols
distinction between them
 In OSI model the transport layer guarantees  In TCP/IP model the transport layer does not
the delivery of packets guarantees delivery of packets

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 68
Protocol Layers: Summary

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 69
Delay, Loss & Throughput
 Delay
 As a packet travels from one node (host or router) to the subsequent node (host or router) along
this path, the packet suffers from several types of delays at each node along the path.

Where
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtran + dprop

dnodal = Total Delay

dproc = Processing Delay
dqueue = Queuing Delay
dtran = Transmission Delay
dprop = Propagation Delay
Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 70
Delay – Cont…
 Processing Delay (dproc)
 The time required to examine the packets header and determine where to direct the packet.
 To check bit level error
 Determine output link
 Delay in terms of microseconds

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 71
Delay – Cont…
 Queuing Delay (dqueue)
 A time to wait at output link for transmission.
 Depends on congestion level of router.
 If queue is empty, then delay will be zero.
 If queue is full (heavy traffic) then delay will be long.
 Delay in terms of microsecond to millisecond.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 72
Delay – Cont…
 Transmission Delay (dtran = L/R)
 An amount of time required for the router to transmit the packet.
 It is depending on packet length(L) and transmission rate(R) of link.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 73
Delay – Cont…
 Propagation Delay (dprop= d/s)
 A time required to propagate from the beginning of the link to router B.
 Depends on the length of physical medium(d) link and propagation speed(s) of link
 Delay in terms of millisecond.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 74
Sum
 In this problem, we consider sending real-time voice from Host A to Host B over a packet-
switched network (VoIP).
 Host A converts analog voice to a digital 64 kbps bit stream on the fly.
 Host A then groups the bits into 56-byte packets.
 There is one link between Hosts A and B; its transmission rate is 2 Mbps and its propagation
delay is 10 msec.
 As soon as Host A gathers a packet, it sends it to Host B. As soon as Host B receives an entire
packet, it converts the packet’s bits to an analog signal.
 How much time elapses from the time a bit is created (from the original analog signal at Host
A) until the bit is decoded (as part of the analog signal at Host B)?

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 75
Solution
 Since this is a packet switched network, the data will be transmitted packet by packet. A packet
is 56 byte and the analog to digital conversation rate is 64 kbps.
 Thus the preparing time Tp for a packet is (56*8)/(64*1000)= 0.007 s = 7 ms.
 The transition time Dtrans for a packet is (56*8)/(2*1000*1000) =0.000224 s = 0.224ms. Tprop
= 10ms
 Finally, the total time elapses from the time a bit is create until the bit is decoded is
Tp+Dtrans+Tprop= 7+0.224+10 = 17.224 ms

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 76
Packet Loss
 Packet loss is the failure of one or more transmitted packets to arrive at their destination.
 The loss of data packets depends on the switch queue/buffer. The loss of data packets
increases with the increases in the traffic intensity.
 It affects the performance
of the network.

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 77
Throughput
 Throughput or Network Throughput is the rate of successful message delivery over a
communication channel.
 Throughput is measured in bits(data) per second (bit/s or bps)

server, with link capacity link capacity Client

file of F bits Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
send to client

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 78
History of Computer Networks
 1961-1972 : The development of Packet Switching
 1972-1980 : Proprietary Network and Internetworking
 1980-1990 : A Proliferation of Networks
 1990s : The Internet Explosion
 Recent Developments…

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 79
Outline - Revised
 What is Computer Network? Connected each other
 Advantages of Computer Network
 Applications of Computer Network
 Type of Computer Network LAN, MAN, WAN
 What is Internet? Infinite nos. of connected computers across the world
 What is Protocol? Set of Rules
 The Network Edge Host-end system & edge router
 The Network Core Circuit Switched & Packet Switched
 Transmission Media Guided- Wired & Unguided-Wireless
 Network Topologies Bus, Ring, Star, Mesh, Tree, & Hybrid
 Protocol Layers OSI Layer & TCP/IP Layer
 Delay, Loss & Throughput

Prof. Maulik D. Trivedi #3150710(CN)  Unit 1 – Introduction to Computer Networks & Internet 80
 Computer Networks (CN)
GTU #3150710

Thank
You

Prof. Maulik Trivedi

Computer Engineering Department
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rajkot
[email protected]
9998265805