Python Indentation

Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a

code line.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.
Python will give you an error if you skip the
indentation:
Python Variables
Variables are containers for storing data values.
In Python, variables are created when you assign a value
to it:
Variables do not need to be declared with any particular
type and can even change type after they have been set.
Example
x = 5
y = "Hello, World!“
Python has no command for declaring a variable.
String variables can be declared either by using single
or double quotes:
Example
x = "John"
# is the same as
x = 'John‘
Variable Names
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a
more descriptive name (age, carname, total_volume).
Rules for Python variables:A variable name must start
with a letter or the underscore character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric
characters and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE
are three different variables)
Example
#Legal variable names:
myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
myvar2 = "John“
#Illegal variable names:
2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
my var = "John"
Assign Value to Multiple Variables
Python allows you to assign values to multiple
variables in one line:
Example
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
And you can assign the same value to multiple
variables in one line:
Example
x = y = z = "Orange"
print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
Output Variables
The Python print statement is often used to output
variables.
To combine both text and a variable, Python uses
the + character:
Example
x = "awesome"
print("Python is " + x)
You can also use the + character to add a variable to
another variable:
Example
x = "Python is "
y = "awesome"
z =  x + y
print(z)
For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical
operator:
Example
x = 5
y = 10
print(x + y)
Global Variables
Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all of the
examples above) are known as global variables.
Global variables can be used by everyone, both inside of functions
and outside.
Example
Create a variable outside of a function, and use it inside the function
x = "awesome"

def myfunc():
  print("Python is " + x)

myfunc()

Output- Python is awesome

If you create a variable with the same name inside a function, this
variable will be local, and can only be used inside the function.
The global variable with the same name will remain as it was,
global and with the original value.
Example
Create a variable inside a function, with the same name as the
global variable
x = "awesome"

def myfunc():
  x = "fantastic"
  print("Python is " + x)

myfunc()

print("Python is " + x)
The global Keyword
Normally, when you create a variable inside a function, that
variable is local, and can only be used inside that function.
To create a global variable inside a function, you can use
the global keyword.
Example
If you use the global keyword, the variable belongs to the global
scope:
def myfunc():
  global x
  x = "fantastic"

myfunc()

print("Python is " + x)
Example
To change the value of a global variable inside a
function, refer to the variable by using
the global keyword:
x = "awesome"

def myfunc():
  global x
  x = "fantastic"

myfunc()

print("Python is " + x)
Comments
Python has commenting capability for the purpose of in-
code documentation.
Comments start with a #, and Python will render the rest of
the line as a comment:
Example
#This is a comment.
print("Hello, World!")

Comments can be used to explain Python code.

Comments can be used to make the code more readable.
Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing
code.
Multi Line Comments
Python does not really have a syntax for multi line
comments.
To add a multiline comment you could insert a # for
each line:
Example
#This is a comment
#written in
#more than just one line
print("Hello, World!")
Since Python will ignore string literals that are not
assigned to a variable, you can add a multiline string
(triple quotes) in your code, and place your comment
inside it:
Example
"""
This is a comment
written in
more than just one line
"""
print("Hello, World!")
Python Data Types
Built-in Data Types
In programming, data type is an important concept.
Variables can store data of different types, and different types can do
different things.
Python has the following data types built-in by default, in these
categories:
Text Type: str
Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: bool
Binary Types:bytes, bytearray, memoryview
Getting the Data Type
You can get the data type of any object by using
the type() function:
Example
Print the data type of the variable x:
x = 5
print(type(x))
Setting the Data Type
Example Data Type
x = "Hello World“ str
x = 20 int
x = 20.5 float
Setting the Specific Data Type
If you want to specify the data type, you can use the
following constructor functions:
Example Data Type
x = str("Hello World“) str
x = int(20) int
x = float(20.5) float
Type Conversion (Type Cast)
The process of converting the value of one data type
(integer, string, float, etc.) to another data type is
called type conversion. Python has two types of type
conversion.

Implicit Type Conversion

Explicit Type Conversion
Implicit Type Conversion
In Implicit type conversion, Python automatically
converts one data type to another data type. This
process doesn't need any user involvement.

Example:
X=3
Y=5.5
Z=x + y
Print(z)

Output: 8.5
Explicit Type Conversion

In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data

type of an object to required data type. We use the
predefined functions like int(), float(), str(), etc to
perform explicit type conversion.

This type of conversion is also called typecasting

because the user casts (changes) the data type of the
objects.
Syntax :
<required_datatype>(expression)
Example:
X=5
Y=‘8’
Y=int(Y)
Z=x+y

Output=13