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Network Embedded 1631332270319

This document discusses several types of network architectures used in embedded systems, including point-to-point networks, bus networks, crossbar networks, and multi-stage networks. It also describes two common embedded network standards: I2C, which uses a serial bus, and Ethernet, which uses bus or star topologies with CSMA/CD access control. Finally, it mentions fieldbus networks commonly used in industrial control applications.

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neelakandan venkatraman
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59 views

Network Embedded 1631332270319

This document discusses several types of network architectures used in embedded systems, including point-to-point networks, bus networks, crossbar networks, and multi-stage networks. It also describes two common embedded network standards: I2C, which uses a serial bus, and Ethernet, which uses bus or star topologies with CSMA/CD access control. Finally, it mentions fieldbus networks commonly used in industrial control applications.

Uploaded by

neelakandan venkatraman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking for Embedded

Systems

 Why we use networks.


 Network abstractions.
 Example networks.
Network elements

distributed computing platform:

PE
PE

communication link
network

PE
PEs may be CPUs or ASICs.
Networks in embedded
systems

initial processing
more processing
PE sensor
PE

PE actuator
Why distributed?

 Higher performance at lower cost.


 Physically distributed activities---time
constants may not allow transmission to
central site.
 Improved debugging---use one CPU in
network to debug others.
 May buy subsystems that have embedded
processors.
Network abstractions

 International Standards Organization


(ISO) developed the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model to describe
networks:
 7-layer model.
 Provides a standard way to classify
network components and operations.
OSI model

application end-use interface


presentation data format
session application dialog control
transport connections
network end-to-end service
data link reliable data transport
physical mechanical, electrical
OSI layers

 Physical: connectors, bit formats, etc.


 Data link: error detection and control
across a single link (single hop).
 Network: end-to-end multi-hop data
communication.
 Transport: provides connections; may
optimize network resources.
OSI layers, cont’d.

 Session: services for end-user


applications: data grouping,
checkpointing, etc.
 Presentation: data formats,
transformation services.
 Application: interface between network
and end-user programs.
Hardware architectures

 Many different types of networks:


 topology;
 scheduling of communication;
 routing.
Point-to-point networks

 One source, one or more destinations, no


data switching (serial port):

PE 1 PE 2 PE 3
link 1 link 2
Bus networks

 Common physical connection:

PE 1 PE 2 PE 3 PE 4

header address data ECC packet format


Bus arbitration

 Fixed: Same order of resolution every


time.
 Fair: every PE has same access over long
periods.
 round-robin: rotate top priority among Pes.
fixed A B C A B C
round-robin
A B C B C A
A,B,C A,B,C
Crossbar

out4

out3

out2

out1
in1 in2 in3 in4
Crossbar characteristics

 Non-blocking.
 Can handle arbitrary multi-cast
combinations.
 Size proportional to n2.
Multi-stage networks

 Use several stages of switching elements.


 Often blocking.
 Often smaller than crossbar.
Message-based
programming

 Transport layer provides message-based


programming interface:
send_msg(adrs,data1);
 Data must be broken into packets at
source, reassembled at destination.
 Data-push programming: make things
happen in network based on data
transfers.
I2C bus

 Designed for low-cost, medium data rate


applications.
 Characteristics:
 serial;
 multiple-master;
 fixed-priority arbitration.
 Several microcontrollers come with built-in
I2C controllers.
I2C physical layer

master 1 master 2
data line
SDL
clock line
SCL

slave 1 slave 2
I2C data format

SCL ... ...

SDL ...

start MSB ack


I2C electrical interface

 Open collector interface: +

SDL
+

SCL
I2C signaling

 Sender pulls down bus for 0.


 Sender listens to bus---if it tried to send a
1 and heard a 0, someone else is
simultaneously transmitting.
 Transmissions occur in 8-bit bytes.
I2C data link layer

 Every device has an address (7 bits in


standard, 10 bits in extension).
 Bit 8 of address signals read or write.
 General call address allows broadcast.
I2C bus arbitration

 Sender listens while sending address.


 When sender hears a conflict, if its
address is higher, it stops signaling.
 Low-priority senders relinquish control
early enough in clock cycle to allow bit to
be transmitted reliably.
I2C transmissions

multi-byte write

S adrs 0 data data P

read from slave

S adrs 1 data P

write, then read


S adrs 0 data S adrs 1 data P
Ethernet

 Dominant non-telephone LAN.


 Versions: 10 Mb/s, 100 Mb/s, 1 Gb/s
 Goal: reliable communication over an
unreliable medium.
Ethernet topology

 Bus-based system, several possible


physical layers:

A B C
CSMA/CD

 Carrier sense multiple access with collision


detection:
 sense collisions;
 exponentially back off in time;
 retransmit.
Exponential back-off times

time
Ethernet packet format

start source dest data


preamble length padding CRC
frame adrs adrs payload
Ethernet performance

 Quality-of-service tends to non-linearly


decrease at high load levels.
 Can’t guarantee real-time deadlines.
However, may provide very good service
at proper load levels.
Fieldbus

 Used for industrial control and


instrumentation---factories, etc.
 H1 standard based on 31.25 MB/s twisted
pair medium.
 High Speed Ethernet (HSE) standard
based on 100 Mb/s Ethernet.

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